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pre[class*=language-]{background-color:rgba(var(--ui-12-rgb),.5);color:var(--text-01);text-shadow:none;padding:var(--spacing-00);border-radius:var(--spacing-00);font-size:smaller}","isGSAPEnabled":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/markup-editor"},"responsivegrid":{"columnClassNames":{"quickstart_hero":"aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12","flexible_column_cont":"aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12","markup_editor":"aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"},"gridClassNames":"aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 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Developers","url":"https://www.snowflake.com/content/snowflake-site/global/en/developers","currentPage":false}],"isDeveloperGuidesPage":false},"flexible_column_cont":{"id":"flexible-column-container-9242e531b1","propertiesId":"quickstart-template-main-flexible-container","type":"2-column-75-25","alignColumns":"top","containerMaxWidth":"extra-large","topPadding":"none","bottomPadding":"none","spaceBetween":"small","reverseOnMobile":false,"carouselOnMobile":false,"backgroundImageOption":"none","flexible_column_content_container_1":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-c0fa8f842e",":items":{"contentfragment":{"id":"contentfragment-5181d1d7c6","description":"","paragraphs":["<!--\nkeywords: hybrid table, migration, standard table, convert, OLTP, primary key, secondary index, bulk load, zero downtime, rename, swap, query profile, ROW_BASED, COLUMN_BASED, Unistore, INSERT INTO SELECT, CTAS, bound variables\nrelated_concepts: CREATE HYBRID TABLE, ALTER TABLE RENAME, foreign key, UNIQUE constraint, plan cache, IndexScan, TableScan, COLUMN_BASED scan\nprerequisite_guides: getting-started-with-hybrid-tables\nskill_level: intermediate\nestimated_time_minutes: 40\nsnowflake_features: hybrid_tables, secondary_indexes, alter_table_rename, bulk_load_optimization, query_profile\n-->\n","\u003Ch1\u003EConverting Standard Snowflake Tables to Hybrid Tables\u003C/h1\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EOverview\u003C/h2\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote on Production Migrations:\u003C/strong\u003E Always test migrations on a non-production copy first. Validate row counts, query plans, and application behavior before decommissioning the standard table. Production OLTP workloads should use bound variables (parameterized queries) for plan cache reuse. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices\"\u003EHybrid Tables Best Practices\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test\"\u003EPerformance Testing for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid\"\u003EHybrid Table\u003C/a\u003E stores data in a row-oriented store optimized for low-latency point lookups and small-range scans. Standard Snowflake tables store data in columnar micro-partitions optimized for analytical workloads.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf your workload has shifted toward OLTP patterns (frequent single-row lookups, status updates, point reads by ID), standard tables may no longer be the right fit. Hybrid Tables provide single-digit millisecond reads for indexed lookups, something standard tables cannot achieve once result cache misses.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis quickstart walks through the full migration lifecycle: assessing a standard table for suitability, creating the Hybrid Table equivalent, bulk-loading data, adding secondary indexes, validating with query profiles, and performing a zero-downtime swap.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EScenario\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou manage the order management backend for an e-commerce platform. The \u003Ccode\u003Eorders\u003C/code\u003E table was originally built as a standard Snowflake table. As order volume grew, operational queries (order lookups by customer, status checks by region) started hitting full table scans with inconsistent latency. You will migrate this table to a Hybrid Table.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You Will Learn\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to assess whether a standard table is a good candidate for Hybrid Table conversion\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe DDL differences between standard tables and Hybrid Tables (PRIMARY KEY requirement, constraint support)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to bulk load data from a standard table into a Hybrid Table using the optimized path\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to add secondary indexes on a populated Hybrid Table without downtime\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to compare query profiles before and after migration (COLUMN_BASED vs ROW_BASED)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to perform a zero-downtime swap using ALTER TABLE RENAME\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EPrerequisites\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EA Snowflake paid account in an AWS or Azure commercial region (Hybrid Tables are not available in GCP, government regions, or trial accounts)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFamiliarity with SQL and Snowflake Snowsight\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EACCOUNTADMIN is used in this quickstart to set up the role, warehouse, and database. Hybrid Tables can be created on any existing database or schema as long as your role has \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE TABLE\u003C/code\u003E privileges on that schema.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003ESetup\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen a new SQL Worksheet in Snowsight and run the following to create an isolated environment for this quickstart.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ECreate Role, Warehouse, and Database\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\nGRANT ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE TO ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH\n  WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL\n  AUTO_SUSPEND = 300\n  AUTO_RESUME = TRUE;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH TO ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB TO ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nUSE ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB.ORDERS;\n\nUSE WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA ORDERS;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EStep 1: Create the Standard Table\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst, create a standard Snowflake table with 500,000 orders. This simulates the starting state of a workload that was built without OLTP optimization in mind. Notice there is no PRIMARY KEY or index.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE OR REPLACE TABLE orders_standard (\n    order_id     NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    customer_id  NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    status       VARCHAR(20)   NOT NULL DEFAULT 'PENDING',\n    region       VARCHAR(10)   NOT NULL,\n    created_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ NOT NULL,\n    updated_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ,\n    total_amount NUMBER(12,2)  NOT NULL\n);\n\nINSERT INTO orders_standard (order_id, customer_id, status, region, created_at, updated_at, total_amount)\nSELECT\n    SEQ4()                                                AS order_id,\n    UNIFORM(1, 10000, RANDOM())::NUMBER                  AS customer_id,\n    ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('PENDING','SHIPPED','DELIVERED','CANCELLED')\n        [UNIFORM(0, 3, RANDOM())]::VARCHAR               AS status,\n    ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('US-EAST','US-WEST','EU','APAC')\n        [UNIFORM(0, 3, RANDOM())]::VARCHAR               AS region,\n    DATEADD(SECOND,\n        UNIFORM(0, 7776000, RANDOM()),\n        DATEADD(DAY, -90, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()))::TIMESTAMP_NTZ  AS created_at,\n    NULL                                                 AS updated_at,\n    ROUND(UNIFORM(5.00, 2500.00, RANDOM()), 2)           AS total_amount\nFROM TABLE(GENERATOR(ROWCOUNT => 500000));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EConfirm the row count:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders_standard;\n-- Expected: 500000\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ERun a Baseline Query\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERun a typical operational query and note the latency:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESET SAMPLE_CUSTOMER = (SELECT customer_id FROM orders_standard LIMIT 1);\n\nSELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen the Query Profile. You will see a \u003Ccode\u003ETableScan\u003C/code\u003E operator scanning all micro-partitions. Standard tables have no row-level index on \u003Ccode\u003Ecustomer_id\u003C/code\u003E, so every query on this column requires scanning the full table (or relying on result cache for repeated identical queries).\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EStep 2: Assess the Table for Hybrid Table Suitability\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENot every standard table should be converted to a Hybrid Table. Use this checklist to evaluate candidates.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EAssessment Checklist\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ECriterion\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003Eorders_standard\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EHas a natural primary key?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003Eorder_id (unique per row)\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EDominant access pattern?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EPoint lookups by order_id, customer_id\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ERead:Write ratio?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EMixed (orders created and status-updated frequently)\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ERow count manageable?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003E500K (well within HT capacity)\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ENeeds result cache for repeated queries?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ENo (operational queries need fresh data)\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EHas Streams, Dynamic Tables, or MVs?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ENo downstream dependencies\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EVerify Primary Key Uniqueness\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBefore migration, confirm the candidate PK column has no duplicates:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT\n    COUNT(*) AS total_rows,\n    COUNT(DISTINCT order_id) AS distinct_order_ids\nFROM orders_standard;\n-- Both values should be 500000\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ECheck for Unsupported Downstream Dependencies\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHybrid Tables do not support:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStreams\u003C/strong\u003E (change tracking)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDynamic Tables\u003C/strong\u003E (cannot be downstream of a HT)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMaterialized Views\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClustering keys\u003C/strong\u003E (HT uses indexes instead)\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf your standard table has any of these attached, you will need to re-architect those components before migrating. A common pattern is to keep a Task-based snapshot from the Hybrid Table to a standard table for analytics and change-tracking purposes. For step-by-step implementation of these patterns, see the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-architectural-patterns/\"\u003EArchitectural Patterns for Hybrid Table Workloads\u003C/a\u003E quickstart.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EIdentify Index Candidates\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ECheck the cardinality of your most common WHERE clause columns:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT 'customer_id' AS column_name, APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(customer_id) AS distinct_values FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'status', APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(status) FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'region', APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(region) FROM orders_standard;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EExpected results: customer_id has ~10,000 distinct values (high cardinality, excellent index candidate), status has 4, region has 4. Low-cardinality columns like status and region work well as leading columns in composite indexes.\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EStep 3: Create the Hybrid Table\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ECreate the Hybrid Table equivalent with a PRIMARY KEY and secondary indexes defined inline. Best practice is to declare indexes at table creation time so they are populated during the initial bulk load.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE orders_hybrid (\n    order_id     NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    customer_id  NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    status       VARCHAR(20)   NOT NULL DEFAULT 'PENDING',\n    region       VARCHAR(10)   NOT NULL,\n    created_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ NOT NULL,\n    updated_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ,\n    total_amount NUMBER(12,2)  NOT NULL,\n    PRIMARY KEY (order_id),\n    INDEX idx_orders_customer_id (customer_id),\n    INDEX idx_orders_status_region_ts (status, region, created_at)\n)\nAS SELECT * FROM orders_standard;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis single statement:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDefines the Hybrid Table schema with a PRIMARY KEY on \u003Ccode\u003Eorder_id\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDeclares two secondary indexes inline (customer lookup and composite status/region/timestamp)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELoads all 500,000 rows and populates the indexes using the optimized bulk load path\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote:\u003C/strong\u003E CTAS for Hybrid Tables requires you to declare the full column schema explicitly. Unlike standard table CTAS, the schema cannot be inferred from the SELECT. If your table requires FOREIGN KEY constraints, you must create the schema separately and use INSERT INTO ... SELECT to load (CTAS does not support FOREIGN KEY).\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote:\u003C/strong\u003E You can also add secondary indexes after table creation using \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE INDEX\u003C/code\u003E. This is useful when you discover new access patterns on a live table. For a full exploration of adding indexes to populated tables, composite index column ordering, INCLUDE columns, and anti-patterns, see the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/\"\u003ESecondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E quickstart.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EValidate Row Counts\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT 'orders_standard' AS table_name, COUNT(*) AS row_count FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'orders_hybrid', COUNT(*) FROM orders_hybrid;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth should show 500,000. If they differ, investigate constraint violations (NULL in NOT NULL columns, duplicate PKs).\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ESpot-Check Data Integrity\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESET SAMPLE_ORDER = (SELECT order_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n\nSELECT * FROM orders_hybrid   WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\nSELECT * FROM orders_standard WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth should return identical results.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EVerify Indexes\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EConfirm the secondary indexes were created and are active:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESHOW INDEXES IN TABLE orders_hybrid;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou should see:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EIndex Name\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EColumns\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EIs Unique\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EStatus\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ESYS_INDEX_ORDERS_HYBRID_PRIMARY\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EORDER_ID\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EY\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EACTIVE\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EIDX_ORDERS_CUSTOMER_ID\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ECUSTOMER_ID\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EN\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EACTIVE\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EIDX_ORDERS_STATUS_REGION_TS\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ESTATUS, REGION, CREATED_AT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EN\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EACTIVE\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EStep 4: Validate with Query Profile Comparison\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe key validation is comparing the same query against both the standard table and the Hybrid Table.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ECustomer Lookup Comparison\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESET SAMPLE_CUSTOMER = (SELECT customer_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStandard table query:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen the Query Profile. You will see:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EOperator: \u003Ccode\u003ETableScan\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERows scanned: ~500,000 (full table)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ENo index available, micro-partition pruning provides no benefit for this predicate\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHybrid Table query:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_hybrid\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen the Query Profile. You will see:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EOperator: \u003Ccode\u003EIndexScan\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EScan Mode: \u003Ccode\u003EROW_BASED\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EIndex: \u003Ccode\u003EIDX_ORDERS_CUSTOMER_ID\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERows scanned: ~50 (only rows matching that customer_id)\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EPrimary Key Lookup Comparison\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESET SAMPLE_ORDER = (SELECT order_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStandard table:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM orders_standard WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHybrid Table:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM orders_hybrid WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe Hybrid Table query profile shows \u003Ccode\u003ETableScan\u003C/code\u003E with \u003Ccode\u003EROW_BASED\u003C/code\u003E mode and exactly 1 row scanned. This is a direct primary key lookup.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EComposite Index Validation\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT order_id, customer_id, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_hybrid\nWHERE status = 'PENDING'\n  AND region = 'US-EAST'\n  AND created_at > DATEADD(DAY, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())::TIMESTAMP_NTZ\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe Query Profile should show \u003Ccode\u003EIndexScan\u003C/code\u003E using \u003Ccode\u003EIDX_ORDERS_STATUS_REGION_TS\u003C/code\u003E with \u003Ccode\u003EROW_BASED\u003C/code\u003E scan mode and all three predicates pushed to the index.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote:\u003C/strong\u003E The \u003Ccode\u003E::TIMESTAMP_NTZ\u003C/code\u003E cast on \u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_TIMESTAMP()\u003C/code\u003E is required. Without it, the implicit conversion from TIMESTAMP_LTZ prevents the predicate from being pushed to the index. This applies whenever comparing a TIMESTAMP_NTZ indexed column against CURRENT_TIMESTAMP().\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EStep 5: Zero-Downtime Swap\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOnce you have validated that the Hybrid Table performs correctly, swap it into the production name so applications see no change.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EThe Swap Pattern\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE orders_standard RENAME TO orders_standard_backup;\nALTER TABLE orders_hybrid   RENAME TO orders_standard;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EApplications querying \u003Ccode\u003Eorders_standard\u003C/code\u003E now hit the Hybrid Table. No connection string or query changes required.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EVerify the Swap\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESHOW TABLES LIKE 'orders%';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou should see:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EORDERS_STANDARD\u003C/code\u003E with \u003Ccode\u003Eis_hybrid = Y\u003C/code\u003E (this is now the Hybrid Table)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EORDERS_STANDARD_BACKUP\u003C/code\u003E with \u003Ccode\u003Eis_hybrid = N\u003C/code\u003E (the original, kept as rollback)\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EConfirm queries still work against the swapped name:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe Query Profile should still show \u003Ccode\u003EIndexScan\u003C/code\u003E with \u003Ccode\u003EROW_BASED\u003C/code\u003E scan mode.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ERollback (If Needed)\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf issues arise, reverse the swap immediately:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE orders_standard        RENAME TO orders_hybrid;\nALTER TABLE orders_standard_backup RENAME TO orders_standard;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EDecommission the Backup (When Ready)\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAfter the migration is validated in production for an appropriate period:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EDROP TABLE orders_standard_backup;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EGet Started Faster with Cortex Code\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDuration: 1\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUse these prompts in \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/cortex-code/cortex-code\"\u003ECortex Code\u003C/a\u003E to apply this guide to your own migration:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E"Assess this Standard Table DDL for Hybrid Table suitability. Identify the primary key candidate, recommended secondary indexes, and any incompatible column types: [paste DDL]."\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E"Generate the migration SQL to convert this Standard Table to a Hybrid Table, including CREATE HYBRID TABLE, COPY INTO for the initial load, and SWAP: [paste DDL and row count]."\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E"Write a validation query to confirm my Standard-to-Hybrid migration was successful. Compare row counts, sample row checksums, and verify all constraints are enforced on the new HT."\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003ECleanup\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERemove all objects created by this quickstart:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nDROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH;\nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EConclusion and Resources\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou have completed the Standard-to-Hybrid Table migration quickstart. You can now:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAssess standard tables for Hybrid Table suitability using a structured checklist\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECreate Hybrid Table equivalents with PRIMARY KEY using CTAS\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EBulk load data using the optimized path on fresh tables\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAdd secondary indexes on populated tables without downtime\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECompare query profiles to validate migration success (COLUMN_BASED full scans to ROW_BASED index seeks)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EPerform zero-downtime swaps using ALTER TABLE RENAME\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EMigration Decision Summary\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EScenario\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ERecommendation\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EPoint lookups by ID (PK)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EStrong HT candidate\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EMixed read/write with status updates\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EStrong HT candidate\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EAnalytical aggregations, GROUP BY, window functions\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EKeep as standard table\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EDownstream Streams or Dynamic Tables required\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EKeep as standard table (or snapshot pattern)\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EResult cache critical for repeated queries\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EKeep as standard table\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003ELow-latency writes + reads, application backend\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"\u003EStrong HT candidate\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENeed help with your Hybrid Table architecture?\u003C/strong\u003E Book a 30-minute session with our specialist team to discuss your use case, review your schema design, or troubleshoot performance: \u003Ca href=\"https://calendar.app.google/cGfVnKFe7xbeDqDo8\"\u003ESchedule a session\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ERelated Resources\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid\"\u003EHybrid Tables Documentation\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-create\"\u003ECreating Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-limitations\"\u003EHybrid Table Limitations\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices\"\u003EBest Practices for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test\"\u003EPerformance Testing for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/\"\u003EGetting Started with Hybrid Tables Quickstart\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/\"\u003ESecondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables Quickstart\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-analytics-patterns/\"\u003EAnalytics Patterns for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-streaming-patterns/\"\u003EStreaming and Change Detection Patterns for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-operations-patterns/\"\u003EData Management and Operations Patterns for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EFAQ and Troubleshooting\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: Can I use CTAS to create a Hybrid Table with a FOREIGN KEY?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENo. CTAS for Hybrid Tables does not support FOREIGN KEY constraints. Create the table schema explicitly (with the FK definition), then use INSERT INTO ... SELECT to bulk load. The bulk load is still optimized when the table is empty.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: How long does the bulk load take?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor an empty Hybrid Table, CTAS and INSERT INTO ... SELECT use an optimized bulk load path. Expect approximately 1 million rows per minute, though this varies with row width and warehouse size. The 500K-row dataset in this quickstart loads in 1-3 minutes on an XSMALL warehouse.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: Will my applications break after the RENAME swap?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENo. ALTER TABLE RENAME changes the table name transparently. Applications using the original name will hit the Hybrid Table without any connection or query changes. Views referencing the table name will also resolve correctly.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: What if the row counts do not match after migration?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ECheck for rows that violate the Hybrid Table constraints:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERows with NULL in a NOT NULL column\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERows with duplicate PRIMARY KEY values\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERows with FOREIGN KEY values that do not exist in the referenced table\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThese will cause the INSERT or CTAS to fail. Resolve the data quality issues in the standard table before re-running the migration.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: Can I migrate a table with Streams attached?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHybrid Tables do not support Streams. If the standard table has a Stream, you must drop it before migrating. For change-tracking use cases, consider a Task-based snapshot pattern: the Hybrid Table serves live OLTP reads/writes, and a scheduled Task snapshots data to a standard table where Streams or Dynamic Tables can be applied.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: Should I create indexes before or after loading data?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAfter. When you use CTAS, you can include \u003Ccode\u003EINDEX\u003C/code\u003E declarations in the CREATE statement and they will be populated during the load. If you use INSERT INTO ... SELECT on an already-created table, add indexes after the bulk load completes. Creating indexes on a populated table builds them concurrently without blocking reads or writes.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: What about tables larger than a few million rows?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThere is no hard row limit for Hybrid Tables. The bulk load optimization works on fresh tables regardless of size. However, Hybrid Tables are optimized for OLTP access patterns (point lookups, small range scans). If you routinely scan millions of rows for analytics, keep a standard table copy for that purpose and use the Hybrid Table only for operational queries.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQ: How does this relate to the Secondary Index Design quickstart?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis guide covers the migration workflow (assess, create, load, swap). The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/\"\u003ESecondary Index Design\u003C/a\u003E quickstart goes deeper on index design patterns: composite column ordering, INCLUDE columns for covering indexes, and anti-patterns to avoid. After completing your migration, use that guide to optimize your index strategy.\u003C/p\u003E"],"title":"Converting Standard Snowflake Tables to Hybrid Tables","elements":{"quickstartArticleBody":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Body","value":"\u003C!--\nkeywords: hybrid table, migration, standard table, convert, OLTP, primary key, secondary index, bulk load, zero downtime, rename, swap, query profile, ROW_BASED, COLUMN_BASED, Unistore, INSERT INTO SELECT, CTAS, bound variables\nrelated_concepts: CREATE HYBRID TABLE, ALTER TABLE RENAME, foreign key, UNIQUE constraint, plan cache, IndexScan, TableScan, COLUMN_BASED scan\nprerequisite_guides: getting-started-with-hybrid-tables\nskill_level: intermediate\nestimated_time_minutes: 40\nsnowflake_features: hybrid_tables, secondary_indexes, alter_table_rename, bulk_load_optimization, query_profile\n--\u003E\n\n# Converting Standard Snowflake Tables to Hybrid Tables\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Overview\n\n\u003E **Note on Production Migrations:** Always test migrations on a non-production copy first. Validate row counts, query plans, and application behavior before decommissioning the standard table. Production OLTP workloads should use bound variables (parameterized queries) for plan cache reuse. See [Hybrid Tables Best Practices](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices) and [Performance Testing for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test).\n\nA [Hybrid Table](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid) stores data in a row-oriented store optimized for low-latency point lookups and small-range scans. Standard Snowflake tables store data in columnar micro-partitions optimized for analytical workloads.\n\nIf your workload has shifted toward OLTP patterns (frequent single-row lookups, status updates, point reads by ID), standard tables may no longer be the right fit. Hybrid Tables provide single-digit millisecond reads for indexed lookups, something standard tables cannot achieve once result cache misses.\n\nThis quickstart walks through the full migration lifecycle: assessing a standard table for suitability, creating the Hybrid Table equivalent, bulk-loading data, adding secondary indexes, validating with query profiles, and performing a zero-downtime swap.\n\n### Scenario\n\nYou manage the order management backend for an e-commerce platform. The `orders` table was originally built as a standard Snowflake table. As order volume grew, operational queries (order lookups by customer, status checks by region) started hitting full table scans with inconsistent latency. You will migrate this table to a Hybrid Table.\n\n### What You Will Learn\n\n- How to assess whether a standard table is a good candidate for Hybrid Table conversion\n- The DDL differences between standard tables and Hybrid Tables (PRIMARY KEY requirement, constraint support)\n- How to bulk load data from a standard table into a Hybrid Table using the optimized path\n- How to add secondary indexes on a populated Hybrid Table without downtime\n- How to compare query profiles before and after migration (COLUMN_BASED vs ROW_BASED)\n- How to perform a zero-downtime swap using ALTER TABLE RENAME\n\n### Prerequisites\n\n- A Snowflake paid account in an AWS or Azure commercial region (Hybrid Tables are not available in GCP, government regions, or trial accounts)\n- Familiarity with SQL and Snowflake Snowsight\n- ACCOUNTADMIN is used in this quickstart to set up the role, warehouse, and database. Hybrid Tables can be created on any existing database or schema as long as your role has `CREATE TABLE` privileges on that schema.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Setup\n\nOpen a new SQL Worksheet in Snowsight and run the following to create an isolated environment for this quickstart.\n\n### Create Role, Warehouse, and Database\n\n```sql\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\nGRANT ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE TO ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH\n  WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL\n  AUTO_SUSPEND = 300\n  AUTO_RESUME = TRUE;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH TO ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB TO ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nUSE ROLE HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB.ORDERS;\n\nUSE WAREHOUSE HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA ORDERS;\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Step 1: Create the Standard Table\n\nFirst, create a standard Snowflake table with 500,000 orders. This simulates the starting state of a workload that was built without OLTP optimization in mind. Notice there is no PRIMARY KEY or index.\n\n```sql\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE orders_standard (\n    order_id     NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    customer_id  NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    status       VARCHAR(20)   NOT NULL DEFAULT 'PENDING',\n    region       VARCHAR(10)   NOT NULL,\n    created_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ NOT NULL,\n    updated_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ,\n    total_amount NUMBER(12,2)  NOT NULL\n);\n\nINSERT INTO orders_standard (order_id, customer_id, status, region, created_at, updated_at, total_amount)\nSELECT\n    SEQ4()                                                AS order_id,\n    UNIFORM(1, 10000, RANDOM())::NUMBER                  AS customer_id,\n    ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('PENDING','SHIPPED','DELIVERED','CANCELLED')\n        [UNIFORM(0, 3, RANDOM())]::VARCHAR               AS status,\n    ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('US-EAST','US-WEST','EU','APAC')\n        [UNIFORM(0, 3, RANDOM())]::VARCHAR               AS region,\n    DATEADD(SECOND,\n        UNIFORM(0, 7776000, RANDOM()),\n        DATEADD(DAY, -90, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()))::TIMESTAMP_NTZ  AS created_at,\n    NULL                                                 AS updated_at,\n    ROUND(UNIFORM(5.00, 2500.00, RANDOM()), 2)           AS total_amount\nFROM TABLE(GENERATOR(ROWCOUNT =\u003E 500000));\n```\n\nConfirm the row count:\n\n```sql\nSELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders_standard;\n-- Expected: 500000\n```\n\n### Run a Baseline Query\n\nRun a typical operational query and note the latency:\n\n```sql\nSET SAMPLE_CUSTOMER = (SELECT customer_id FROM orders_standard LIMIT 1);\n\nSELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n```\n\nOpen the Query Profile. You will see a `TableScan` operator scanning all micro-partitions. Standard tables have no row-level index on `customer_id`, so every query on this column requires scanning the full table (or relying on result cache for repeated identical queries).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Step 2: Assess the Table for Hybrid Table Suitability\n\nNot every standard table should be converted to a Hybrid Table. Use this checklist to evaluate candidates.\n\n### Assessment Checklist\n\n| Criterion | orders_standard |\n|-----------|----------------|\n| Has a natural primary key? | order_id (unique per row) |\n| Dominant access pattern? | Point lookups by order_id, customer_id |\n| Read:Write ratio? | Mixed (orders created and status-updated frequently) |\n| Row count manageable? | 500K (well within HT capacity) |\n| Needs result cache for repeated queries? | No (operational queries need fresh data) |\n| Has Streams, Dynamic Tables, or MVs? | No downstream dependencies |\n\n### Verify Primary Key Uniqueness\n\nBefore migration, confirm the candidate PK column has no duplicates:\n\n```sql\nSELECT\n    COUNT(*) AS total_rows,\n    COUNT(DISTINCT order_id) AS distinct_order_ids\nFROM orders_standard;\n-- Both values should be 500000\n```\n\n### Check for Unsupported Downstream Dependencies\n\nHybrid Tables do not support:\n\n- **Streams** (change tracking)\n- **Dynamic Tables** (cannot be downstream of a HT)\n- **Materialized Views**\n- **Clustering keys** (HT uses indexes instead)\n\nIf your standard table has any of these attached, you will need to re-architect those components before migrating. A common pattern is to keep a Task-based snapshot from the Hybrid Table to a standard table for analytics and change-tracking purposes. For step-by-step implementation of these patterns, see the [Architectural Patterns for Hybrid Table Workloads](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-architectural-patterns/) quickstart.\n\n### Identify Index Candidates\n\nCheck the cardinality of your most common WHERE clause columns:\n\n```sql\nSELECT 'customer_id' AS column_name, APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(customer_id) AS distinct_values FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'status', APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(status) FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'region', APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(region) FROM orders_standard;\n```\n\nExpected results: customer_id has ~10,000 distinct values (high cardinality, excellent index candidate), status has 4, region has 4. Low-cardinality columns like status and region work well as leading columns in composite indexes.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Step 3: Create the Hybrid Table\n\nCreate the Hybrid Table equivalent with a PRIMARY KEY and secondary indexes defined inline. Best practice is to declare indexes at table creation time so they are populated during the initial bulk load.\n\n```sql\nCREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE orders_hybrid (\n    order_id     NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    customer_id  NUMBER        NOT NULL,\n    status       VARCHAR(20)   NOT NULL DEFAULT 'PENDING',\n    region       VARCHAR(10)   NOT NULL,\n    created_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ NOT NULL,\n    updated_at   TIMESTAMP_NTZ,\n    total_amount NUMBER(12,2)  NOT NULL,\n    PRIMARY KEY (order_id),\n    INDEX idx_orders_customer_id (customer_id),\n    INDEX idx_orders_status_region_ts (status, region, created_at)\n)\nAS SELECT * FROM orders_standard;\n```\n\nThis single statement:\n1. Defines the Hybrid Table schema with a PRIMARY KEY on `order_id`\n2. Declares two secondary indexes inline (customer lookup and composite status/region/timestamp)\n3. Loads all 500,000 rows and populates the indexes using the optimized bulk load path\n\n\u003E **Note:** CTAS for Hybrid Tables requires you to declare the full column schema explicitly. Unlike standard table CTAS, the schema cannot be inferred from the SELECT. If your table requires FOREIGN KEY constraints, you must create the schema separately and use INSERT INTO ... SELECT to load (CTAS does not support FOREIGN KEY).\n\n\u003E **Note:** You can also add secondary indexes after table creation using `CREATE INDEX`. This is useful when you discover new access patterns on a live table. For a full exploration of adding indexes to populated tables, composite index column ordering, INCLUDE columns, and anti-patterns, see the [Secondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/) quickstart.\n\n### Validate Row Counts\n\n```sql\nSELECT 'orders_standard' AS table_name, COUNT(*) AS row_count FROM orders_standard\nUNION ALL\nSELECT 'orders_hybrid', COUNT(*) FROM orders_hybrid;\n```\n\nBoth should show 500,000. If they differ, investigate constraint violations (NULL in NOT NULL columns, duplicate PKs).\n\n### Spot-Check Data Integrity\n\n```sql\nSET SAMPLE_ORDER = (SELECT order_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n\nSELECT * FROM orders_hybrid   WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\nSELECT * FROM orders_standard WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n```\n\nBoth should return identical results.\n\n### Verify Indexes\n\nConfirm the secondary indexes were created and are active:\n\n```sql\nSHOW INDEXES IN TABLE orders_hybrid;\n```\n\nYou should see:\n\n| Index Name | Columns | Is Unique | Status |\n|-----------|---------|-----------|--------|\n| SYS_INDEX_ORDERS_HYBRID_PRIMARY | ORDER_ID | Y | ACTIVE |\n| IDX_ORDERS_CUSTOMER_ID | CUSTOMER_ID | N | ACTIVE |\n| IDX_ORDERS_STATUS_REGION_TS | STATUS, REGION, CREATED_AT | N | ACTIVE |\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Step 4: Validate with Query Profile Comparison\n\nThe key validation is comparing the same query against both the standard table and the Hybrid Table.\n\n### Customer Lookup Comparison\n\n```sql\nSET SAMPLE_CUSTOMER = (SELECT customer_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n```\n\n**Standard table query:**\n\n```sql\nSELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n```\n\nOpen the Query Profile. You will see:\n- Operator: `TableScan`\n- Rows scanned: ~500,000 (full table)\n- No index available, micro-partition pruning provides no benefit for this predicate\n\n**Hybrid Table query:**\n\n```sql\nSELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_hybrid\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n```\n\nOpen the Query Profile. You will see:\n- Operator: `IndexScan`\n- Scan Mode: `ROW_BASED`\n- Index: `IDX_ORDERS_CUSTOMER_ID`\n- Rows scanned: ~50 (only rows matching that customer_id)\n\n### Primary Key Lookup Comparison\n\n```sql\nSET SAMPLE_ORDER = (SELECT order_id FROM orders_hybrid LIMIT 1);\n```\n\n**Standard table:**\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM orders_standard WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n```\n\n**Hybrid Table:**\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM orders_hybrid WHERE order_id = $SAMPLE_ORDER;\n```\n\nThe Hybrid Table query profile shows `TableScan` with `ROW_BASED` mode and exactly 1 row scanned. This is a direct primary key lookup.\n\n### Composite Index Validation\n\n```sql\nSELECT order_id, customer_id, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_hybrid\nWHERE status = 'PENDING'\n  AND region = 'US-EAST'\n  AND created_at \u003E DATEADD(DAY, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())::TIMESTAMP_NTZ\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n```\n\nThe Query Profile should show `IndexScan` using `IDX_ORDERS_STATUS_REGION_TS` with `ROW_BASED` scan mode and all three predicates pushed to the index.\n\n\u003E **Note:** The `::TIMESTAMP_NTZ` cast on `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()` is required. Without it, the implicit conversion from TIMESTAMP_LTZ prevents the predicate from being pushed to the index. This applies whenever comparing a TIMESTAMP_NTZ indexed column against CURRENT_TIMESTAMP().\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Step 5: Zero-Downtime Swap\n\nOnce you have validated that the Hybrid Table performs correctly, swap it into the production name so applications see no change.\n\n### The Swap Pattern\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE orders_standard RENAME TO orders_standard_backup;\nALTER TABLE orders_hybrid   RENAME TO orders_standard;\n```\n\nApplications querying `orders_standard` now hit the Hybrid Table. No connection string or query changes required.\n\n### Verify the Swap\n\n```sql\nSHOW TABLES LIKE 'orders%';\n```\n\nYou should see:\n- `ORDERS_STANDARD` with `is_hybrid = Y` (this is now the Hybrid Table)\n- `ORDERS_STANDARD_BACKUP` with `is_hybrid = N` (the original, kept as rollback)\n\nConfirm queries still work against the swapped name:\n\n```sql\nSELECT order_id, status, created_at, total_amount\nFROM orders_standard\nWHERE customer_id = $SAMPLE_CUSTOMER\nORDER BY created_at DESC;\n```\n\nThe Query Profile should still show `IndexScan` with `ROW_BASED` scan mode.\n\n### Rollback (If Needed)\n\nIf issues arise, reverse the swap immediately:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE orders_standard        RENAME TO orders_hybrid;\nALTER TABLE orders_standard_backup RENAME TO orders_standard;\n```\n\n### Decommission the Backup (When Ready)\n\nAfter the migration is validated in production for an appropriate period:\n\n```sql\nDROP TABLE orders_standard_backup;\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Get Started Faster with Cortex Code\nDuration: 1\n\nUse these prompts in [Cortex Code](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/cortex-code/cortex-code) to apply this guide to your own migration:\n\n\u003E \"Assess this Standard Table DDL for Hybrid Table suitability. Identify the primary key candidate, recommended secondary indexes, and any incompatible column types: [paste DDL].\"\n\n\u003E \"Generate the migration SQL to convert this Standard Table to a Hybrid Table, including CREATE HYBRID TABLE, COPY INTO for the initial load, and SWAP: [paste DDL and row count].\"\n\n\u003E \"Write a validation query to confirm my Standard-to-Hybrid migration was successful. Compare row counts, sample row checksums, and verify all constraints are enforced on the new HT.\"\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Cleanup\n\nRemove all objects created by this quickstart:\n\n```sql\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_DB;\nDROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_WH;\nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS HT_MIGRATION_QS_ROLE;\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Conclusion and Resources\n\nYou have completed the Standard-to-Hybrid Table migration quickstart. You can now:\n\n- Assess standard tables for Hybrid Table suitability using a structured checklist\n- Create Hybrid Table equivalents with PRIMARY KEY using CTAS\n- Bulk load data using the optimized path on fresh tables\n- Add secondary indexes on populated tables without downtime\n- Compare query profiles to validate migration success (COLUMN_BASED full scans to ROW_BASED index seeks)\n- Perform zero-downtime swaps using ALTER TABLE RENAME\n\n### Migration Decision Summary\n\n| Scenario | Recommendation |\n|----------|---------------|\n| Point lookups by ID (PK) | Strong HT candidate |\n| Mixed read/write with status updates | Strong HT candidate |\n| Analytical aggregations, GROUP BY, window functions | Keep as standard table |\n| Downstream Streams or Dynamic Tables required | Keep as standard table (or snapshot pattern) |\n| Result cache critical for repeated queries | Keep as standard table |\n| Low-latency writes + reads, application backend | Strong HT candidate |\n\n\u003E **Need help with your Hybrid Table architecture?** Book a 30-minute session with our specialist team to discuss your use case, review your schema design, or troubleshoot performance: [Schedule a session](https://calendar.app.google/cGfVnKFe7xbeDqDo8)\n\n### Related Resources\n\n- [Hybrid Tables Documentation](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid)\n- [Creating Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-create)\n- [Hybrid Table Limitations](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-limitations)\n- [Best Practices for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices)\n- [Performance Testing for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test)\n- [Getting Started with Hybrid Tables Quickstart](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/)\n- [Secondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables Quickstart](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/)\n- [Analytics Patterns for Hybrid Tables](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-analytics-patterns/)\n- [Streaming and Change Detection Patterns for Hybrid Tables](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-streaming-patterns/)\n- [Data Management and Operations Patterns for Hybrid Tables](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-operations-patterns/)\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## FAQ and Troubleshooting\n\n**Q: Can I use CTAS to create a Hybrid Table with a FOREIGN KEY?**\n\nNo. CTAS for Hybrid Tables does not support FOREIGN KEY constraints. Create the table schema explicitly (with the FK definition), then use INSERT INTO ... SELECT to bulk load. The bulk load is still optimized when the table is empty.\n\n**Q: How long does the bulk load take?**\n\nFor an empty Hybrid Table, CTAS and INSERT INTO ... SELECT use an optimized bulk load path. Expect approximately 1 million rows per minute, though this varies with row width and warehouse size. The 500K-row dataset in this quickstart loads in 1-3 minutes on an XSMALL warehouse.\n\n**Q: Will my applications break after the RENAME swap?**\n\nNo. ALTER TABLE RENAME changes the table name transparently. Applications using the original name will hit the Hybrid Table without any connection or query changes. Views referencing the table name will also resolve correctly.\n\n**Q: What if the row counts do not match after migration?**\n\nCheck for rows that violate the Hybrid Table constraints:\n- Rows with NULL in a NOT NULL column\n- Rows with duplicate PRIMARY KEY values\n- Rows with FOREIGN KEY values that do not exist in the referenced table\n\nThese will cause the INSERT or CTAS to fail. Resolve the data quality issues in the standard table before re-running the migration.\n\n**Q: Can I migrate a table with Streams attached?**\n\nHybrid Tables do not support Streams. If the standard table has a Stream, you must drop it before migrating. For change-tracking use cases, consider a Task-based snapshot pattern: the Hybrid Table serves live OLTP reads/writes, and a scheduled Task snapshots data to a standard table where Streams or Dynamic Tables can be applied.\n\n**Q: Should I create indexes before or after loading data?**\n\nAfter. When you use CTAS, you can include `INDEX` declarations in the CREATE statement and they will be populated during the load. If you use INSERT INTO ... SELECT on an already-created table, add indexes after the bulk load completes. Creating indexes on a populated table builds them concurrently without blocking reads or writes.\n\n**Q: What about tables larger than a few million rows?**\n\nThere is no hard row limit for Hybrid Tables. The bulk load optimization works on fresh tables regardless of size. However, Hybrid Tables are optimized for OLTP access patterns (point lookups, small range scans). If you routinely scan millions of rows for analytics, keep a standard table copy for that purpose and use the Hybrid Table only for operational queries.\n\n**Q: How does this relate to the Secondary Index Design quickstart?**\n\nThis guide covers the migration workflow (assess, create, load, swap). The [Secondary Index Design](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/) quickstart goes deeper on index design patterns: composite column ordering, INCLUDE columns for covering indexes, and anti-patterns to avoid. After completing your migration, use that guide to optimize your index strategy.\n","multiValue":false,":type":"text/x-markdown"},"quickstartArticleLogoImage":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Logo Image","multiValue":false,":type":"text/plain"}},"elementsOrder":["quickstartArticleBody","quickstartArticleLogoImage"],":items":{},":itemsOrder":[],":type":"snowflake-site/components/contentfragment","isDeveloperGuidesPage":false,"model":"snowflake-site/models/quickstart-article"},"flexible_column_cont":{"id":"flexible-column-container-2c8f41475d","type":"2-column-75-25","alignColumns":"top","containerMaxWidth":"extra-large","topPadding":"none","bottomPadding":"none","spaceBetween":"none","reverseOnMobile":false,"carouselOnMobile":false,"backgroundImageOption":"none","flexible_column_content_container_1":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-368c2050de",":items":{"quickstart_last_modi":{"id":"quickstart-last-modified-1e160fe167","icon":{"id":"icon","icon":"calendar",":type":"snowflake-site/components/icon","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-icon-blue"},"lastModifiedDatePrefix":"Updated","lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-22",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-last-modified","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-small"},"text":{"id":"text-33e347c19b","additionalClasses":"qs-disclaimer-text","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #666;\"\u003EThis content is provided as is, and is not maintained on an ongoing basis. It may be out of date with current Snowflake 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