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that is optimized for hybrid transactional and operational workloads that require low latency and high throughput on small random point reads and writes. A hybrid table supports unique and referential integrity constraint enforcement that is critical for transactional workloads. You can use a hybrid table along with other Snowflake tables and features to power \u003Ca href=\"/en/data-cloud/workloads/unistore/\"\u003EUnistore workloads\u003C/a\u003E that bring transactional and analytical data together in a single platform.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUse cases that may benefit from hybrid tables include:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EBuild a cohort for a targeted marketing campaign through an interactive user interface.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EMaintain a central workflow state to coordinate large parallel data transformation pipelines.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EServe a precomputed promotion treatment for users who are visiting your website or mobile app.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EArchitecture\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHybrid tables are integrated seamlessly into the existing Snowflake architecture. Customers connect to the same Snowflake database service. Queries are compiled and optimized in the cloud services layer and executed in the same query engine in virtual warehouses. This provides several key benefits:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003ESnowflake platform features, such as data governance, work with hybrid tables out of the box.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can run hybrid workloads mixing operational and analytical queries.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can join hybrid tables with other Snowflake tables and the query executes natively and efficiently in the same query engine. No federation is required.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can execute an atomic transaction across hybrid tables and other Snowflake tables. There is no need to orchestrate your own two-phase commit.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/Architecture-Hybrid-Tables.png?v=2d1d5955\" alt=\"Architecture\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHybrid tables leverage a row store as the primary data store to provide excellent operational query performance. When you write to a hybrid table, the data is written directly into the rowstore. Data is asynchronously copied into object storage in order to provide better performance and workload isolation for large scans without impacting your ongoing operational workloads. Some data may also be cached in columnar format on your warehouse in order to provide better performance on analytical queries. You simply execute SQL statements against the logical hybrid table and Snowflake’s query optimizer decides where to read data from in order to provide the best performance. You get one consistent view of your data without needing to worry about the underlying infrastructure.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You Will Learn\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe basics of hybrid tables\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to create and use hybrid tables\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe advantages of hybrid tables over standard tables\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHybrid table unique characteristics like Indexes, primary keys, unique and foreign keys\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EPrerequisites\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFamiliarity with the Snowflake Snowsight interface\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFamiliarity with SQL\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EA Snowflake paid account in an AWS or Azure commercial region (Hybrid Tables are not available in GCP, government regions, or trial accounts)\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAccount admin credentials which you should use to execute the quickstart\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003ESetup\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this part of the step, we will setup our Snowflake account, create new worksheets, role, database structures, create a Virtual Warehouse and create two hybrid tables and one standard table that we will use in this step.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote on Production Workloads:\u003C/strong\u003E The SQL in this quickstart uses string literals for clarity. Production OLTP workloads should use bound variables (parameterized queries) so Snowflake can cache and reuse query plans. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices\"\u003EHybrid Tables Best Practices\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test\"\u003EPerformance Testing for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 2.1 Creating a Worksheet\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWithin Worksheets, click the "+" button in the top-right corner of Snowsight and choose "SQL Worksheet"\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/new-worksheet.png?v=2d1d5955\" alt=\"Create New SQL Worksheet\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERename the Worksheet by clicking on the auto-generated Timestamp name and inputting "Hybrid Table - QuickStart"\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 2.2 Setup\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Ch4\u003ECreate Objects\u003C/h4\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENext we will create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse and HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n-- Create role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE\nCREATE OR REPLACE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE TO ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN ;\n\n-- Create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse\nCREATE OR REPLACE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL, AUTO_SUSPEND = 300, AUTO_RESUME= TRUE;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT CREATE DATABASE ON ACCOUNT TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Use role and create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database and schema.\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nCREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB.DATA;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON SCHEMA HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB.DATA TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Use role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Set step context use HYBRID_DB_USER_(USER_NUMBER) database and DATA schema\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch4\u003ECreate Tables and Bulk Load Data\u003C/h4\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this quickstart, we will use Tasty Bytes Snowflake fictional food truck business data to simulate a data serving use case where we would like to serve data to our applications.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWe will create three tables:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EORDER_HEADER Hybrid table -  This  table stores order metadata such as TRUCK_ID, CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_AMOUNT, etc.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ETRUCK Hybrid table -  This table stores truck metadata such as TRUCK_ID,FRANCHISE_ID,MENU_TYPE_ID, etc.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ETRUCK_HISTORY standard table -  This table will store historical TRUCK information, enabling you to track changes over time.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou may bulk load data into hybrid tables by copying from a data stage or other tables (that is, using CTAS, COPY, or INSERT INTO … SELECT).\nAll three bulk load methods (CTAS, COPY, and INSERT INTO … SELECT) use an optimized loading path when the target hybrid table is empty. CTAS is convenient for tables without FOREIGN KEY constraints. For tables with FOREIGN KEY constraints, create the schema first and use INSERT INTO … SELECT (CTAS does not support FOREIGN KEY).\nYou can define keys, indexes, and constraints at table creation time (recommended) or add secondary indexes later using CREATE INDEX on populated tables.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst we have to create a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-file-format\"\u003EFILE FORMAT\u003C/a\u003E that describes a set of staged data to access or load into Snowflake tables and a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-load-overview\"\u003ESTAGE\u003C/a\u003E which is a Snowflake object that points to a cloud storage location Snowflake can access to both ingest and query data. In this step the data is stored in a publicly accessible AWS S3 bucket which we are referencing when creating the Stage object.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Create a CSV file format named CSV_FORMAT\nCREATE OR REPLACE FILE FORMAT CSV_FORMAT TYPE = csv field_delimiter = ',' skip_header = 1 null_if = ('NULL', 'null') empty_field_as_null = true;\n-- Create stage for loading orders data\nCREATE OR REPLACE STAGE FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE URL = 's3://sfquickstarts/hybrid_table_guide' FILE_FORMAT = CSV_FORMAT;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOnce we've created the stage lets view using \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/list?utm_source=snowscope&utm_medium=serp&utm_term=LIST+%40\"\u003ELIST\u003C/a\u003E statement all the files in FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE named stage:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- List all the files in FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE named stage:\nlist @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe statement should return two records: one for the 'TRUCK.csv' file and the second for the 'ORDER_HEADER.csv' file.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOnce we've created the Stage which points to where the data resides in cloud storage we can simply load the data using CTAS statement into our TRUCK table.\nThe first DDL will create a hybrid table TRUCK using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nNote the primary key constraint on the TRUCK_ID column.\nThe second DDL will create a standard table TRUCK_HISTORY using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- current time step\nSET CURRENT_TIMESTAMP = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();\n\n-- The first DDL will create TRUCK hybrid table using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nCREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE TRUCK (\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tMENU_TYPE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tPRIMARY_CITY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tREGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_REGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tCOUNTRY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_COUNTRY_CODE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tFRANCHISE_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tYEAR NUMBER(38,0),\n\tMAKE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tMODEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tEV_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tFRANCHISE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tTRUCK_OPENING_DATE DATE,\n    \tTRUCK_EMAIL VARCHAR NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n    \tRECORD_START_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n\tprimary key (TRUCK_ID) \n\t)\n\tAS\n\tSELECT \n\tt.$1 AS TRUCK_ID, \n\tt.$2 AS MENU_TYPE_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS PRIMARY_CITY,\n\tt.$4 AS REGION,\n\tt.$5 AS ISO_REGION,\n\tt.$6 AS COUNTRY,\n\tt.$7 AS ISO_COUNTRY_CODE,\n\tt.$8 AS FRANCHISE_FLAG,\n\tt.$9 AS YEAR,\n\tt.$10 AS MAKE,\n\tt.$11 AS MODEL,\n\tt.$12 AS EV_FLAG,\n\tt.$13 AS FRANCHISE_ID,\n\tt.$14 AS TRUCK_OPENING_DATE,\n\tCONCAT(TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com') TRUCK_EMAIL,\n    \t$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS RECORD_START_TIME\n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=>'.*TRUCK.csv') t;\n\n-- The second DDL will create TRUCK_HISTORY standard table using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE TRUCK_HISTORY (\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tMENU_TYPE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tPRIMARY_CITY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tREGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_REGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tCOUNTRY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_COUNTRY_CODE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tFRANCHISE_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tYEAR NUMBER(38,0),\n\tMAKE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tMODEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tEV_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tFRANCHISE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tTRUCK_OPENING_DATE DATE,\n    \tTRUCK_EMAIL VARCHAR NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n    \tRECORD_START_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n    \tRECORD_END_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n\tprimary key (TRUCK_ID) \n\t)\n\tAS\n\tSELECT \n\tt.$1 AS TRUCK_ID, \n\tt.$2 AS MENU_TYPE_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS PRIMARY_CITY,\n\tt.$4 AS REGION,\n\tt.$5 AS ISO_REGION,\n\tt.$6 AS COUNTRY,\n\tt.$7 AS ISO_COUNTRY_CODE,\n\tt.$8 AS FRANCHISE_FLAG,\n\tt.$9 AS YEAR,\n\tt.$10 AS MAKE,\n\tt.$11 AS MODEL,\n\tt.$12 AS EV_FLAG,\n\tt.$13 AS FRANCHISE_ID,\n\tt.$14 AS TRUCK_OPENING_DATE,\n\tCONCAT(TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com') TRUCK_EMAIL,\n\t$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS RECORD_START_TIME,\n\tNULL AS RECORD_END_TIME\n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=>'.*TRUCK.csv') t;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis DDL will create the structure for the ORDER_HEADER hybrid table.\nNote the following:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EPrimary key constraint on ORDER_ID column\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EForeign key references constraints on column TRUCK_ID from table TRUCK\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003Esecondary indexes on column ORDER_TS\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Creates or replace ORDER_HEADER table\nCREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE ORDER_HEADER (\n\tORDER_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tLOCATION_ID NUMBER(19,0),\n\tCUSTOMER_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tDISCOUNT_ID FLOAT,\n\tSHIFT_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tSHIFT_START_TIME TIME(9),\n\tSHIFT_END_TIME TIME(9),\n\tORDER_CHANNEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_TS TIMESTAMP_NTZ(9),\n\tSERVED_TS VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_CURRENCY VARCHAR(3),\n\tORDER_AMOUNT NUMBER(38,4),\n\tORDER_TAX_AMOUNT VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_TOTAL NUMBER(38,4),\n\tORDER_STATUS VARCHAR(16777216) DEFAULT 'INQUEUE',\n\tprimary key (ORDER_ID),\n\tforeign key (TRUCK_ID) references TRUCK(TRUCK_ID) ,\n\tindex IDX01_ORDER_TS(ORDER_TS)\n);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis DML will insert data into table ORDER_HEADER using INSERT INTO … SELECT statement\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- This DML will insert data into table ORDER_HEADER using INSERT INTO … SELECT statement\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER (\n\tORDER_ID,\n\tTRUCK_ID,\n\tLOCATION_ID,\n\tCUSTOMER_ID,\n\tDISCOUNT_ID,\n\tSHIFT_ID,\n\tSHIFT_START_TIME,\n\tSHIFT_END_TIME,\n\tORDER_CHANNEL,\n\tORDER_TS,\n\tSERVED_TS,\n\tORDER_CURRENCY,\n\tORDER_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_TAX_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_TOTAL,\n\tORDER_STATUS)\n\tSELECT\n\tt.$1 AS ORDER_ID,\n\tt.$2 AS TRUCK_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS LOCATION_ID,\n\tt.$4 AS CUSTOMER_ID,\n\tt.$5 AS DISCOUNT_ID,\n\tt.$6 AS SHIFT_ID,\n\tt.$7 AS SHIFT_START_TIME,\n\tt.$8 AS SHIFT_END_TIME,\n\tt.$9 AS ORDER_CHANNEL,\n\tt.$10 AS ORDER_TS,\n\tt.$11 AS SERVED_TS,\n\tt.$12 AS ORDER_CURRENCY,\n\tt.$13 AS ORDER_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$14 AS ORDER_TAX_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$15 AS ORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$16 AS ORDER_TOTAL,\n\t'' as ORDER_STATUS \n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=>'.*ORDER_HEADER.csv') t;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003EExplore Data\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn the previous Setup step we created HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database and DATA schema. Let's use them.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 3\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWe also created and loaded data into the TRUCK and ORDER_HEADER hybrid tables. Now we can run a few queries and review some information to get familiar with it.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EView tables properties and metadata.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESHOW TABLES LIKE '%TRUCK%';\nSHOW TABLES LIKE '%ORDER_HEADER%';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDisplay information about the columns in the table. Note the primary key and unique key columns.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E--Describe the columns in the table TRUCK\nDESC TABLE TRUCK;\n--Describe the columns in the table ORDER_HEADER\nDESC TABLE ORDER_HEADER;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ELists the hybird tables for which you have access privileges.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E--Show all HYBRID tables\nSHOW HYBRID TABLES;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EList all the indexes in your account for which you have access privileges. Note the value of the is_unique column: for the PRIMARY KEY the value is Y and for the index the value is N.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E--Show all HYBRID tables indexes\nSHOW INDEXES IN DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ELook at a sample of the tables.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table TRUCK\nselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table ORDER_HEADER\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003EUnique and Foreign Keys Constraints\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this part of the step, we will test Unique and Foreign Keys Constraints.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 4.1 Unique Constraints\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will test Unique Constraint which ensures that all values in a column are different.\nIn table TRUCK that we created in the Setup step we defined column TRUCK_EMAIL as NOT NULL and UNIQUE.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDisplay information about the columns in the table.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 4\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n-- Describe the columns in the table TRUCK\n-- Note the unique key value for the TRUCK_EMAIL column\nDESC TABLE TRUCK;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENote the unique key value for the TRUCK_EMAIL column.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDue to the unique constraint, if we attempt to insert two records with the same email address, the statement will fail.\nTo test it run the following statement:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- select one of the existing email addresses\nSET TRUCK_EMAIL = (SELECT TRUCK_EMAIL FROM TRUCK LIMIT 1);\n-- Since TRUCK_ID is a primary key we need to calculate a new primary key value in order not to fail on the "Primary key already exists" error.\nSET MAX_TRUCK_ID = (SELECT MAX(TRUCK_ID) FROM TRUCK);\n--Increment max truck_id by one\nSET NEW_TRUCK_ID = $MAX_TRUCK_ID+1;\ninsert into TRUCK values ($NEW_TRUCK_ID,2,'Stockholm','Stockholm län','Stockholm','Sweden','SE',1,2001,'Freightliner','MT45 Utilimaster',0,276,'2020-10-01',$TRUCK_EMAIL,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESince we configured the column TRUCK_EMAIL in table TRUCK as UNIQUE the statement failed and we should receive the following error message:\n"Duplicate key value violates unique constraint "SYS_INDEX_TRUCK_UNIQUE_TRUCK_EMAIL""\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENow we will create new unique email address and insert a new record to table TRUCK:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Create new unique email address\nSET NEW_UNIQUE_EMAIL = CONCAT($NEW_TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com');\ninsert into TRUCK values ($NEW_TRUCK_ID,2,'Stockholm','Stockholm län','Stockholm','Sweden','SE',1,2001,'Freightliner','MT45 Utilimaster',0,276,'2020-10-01',$NEW_UNIQUE_EMAIL,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EStatement should run successfully.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 4.2 Insert Foreign Keys Constraints\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step we will test foreign key constraint.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst, let's recall the foreign key constraints we defined in the ORDER_HEADER table by executing the \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/get_ddl\"\u003EGET_DDL\u003C/a\u003E. Note the foreign key constraints related to the TRUCK_ID column in the output.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Return the DDL used to create table named ORDER_HEADER:\nselect get_ddl('table', 'ORDER_HEADER');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESecond, we will try to insert a new record to table ORDER_HEADER with non existing truck id.\nIt is expected that the insert statement would fail since we will violate the TRUCK table foreign key constraint.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Since ORDER_ID is a primary key we need to calculate a new primary key value in order not to fail on the "Primary key already exists" error.\nSET MAX_ORDER_ID = (SELECT MAX(ORDER_ID) FROM ORDER_HEADER);\n--Increment max ORDER_ID by one\nSET NEW_ORDER_ID = ($MAX_ORDER_ID +1);\nSET NONE_EXIST_TRUCK_ID = -1;\n-- Insert new record to table ORDER_HEADER\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER values ($NEW_ORDER_ID,$NONE_EXIST_TRUCK_ID,6090,0,0,0,'16:00:00','23:00:00','','2022-02-18 21:38:46.000','','USD',17.0000,'','',17.0000,'');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EForeign key constraint "SYS_INDEX_ORDER_HEADER_FOREIGN_KEY_TRUCK_ID_TRUCK_TRUCK_ID" is violated.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENow we will use the new NEW_TRUCK_ID variable we used in previous step and insert a new record to table ORDER_HEADER:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Insert new record to table ORDER_HEADER\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER values ($NEW_ORDER_ID,$NEW_TRUCK_ID,6090,0,0,0,'16:00:00','23:00:00','','2022-02-18 21:38:46.000','','USD',17.0000,'','',17.0000,'');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EStatement should run successfully.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 4.3 Truncated Active Foreign Key Constraint\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will test that the table referenced by a foreign key constraint cannot be truncated as long as the foreign key relationship exists.\nTo test it run the following \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/truncate-table\"\u003ETRUNCATE\u003C/a\u003E statement:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- truncate the table\nTRUNCATE TABLE TRUCK;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\n"391458 (0A000): Hybrid table 'TRUCK' cannot be truncated as it is involved in active foreign key constraints."\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 4.4 Delete Foreign Key Constraint\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will test that a record referenced by a foreign key constraint cannot be deleted as long as the foreign key reference relationship exists.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo test it run the following \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/delete\"\u003EDELETE\u003C/a\u003E statement:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EDELETE FROM TRUCK WHERE TRUCK_ID = $NEW_TRUCK_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\n"Foreign keys that reference key values still exist."\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo successfully delete a record referenced by a foreign key constraint, you must first delete the corresponding reference record in the ORDER_HEADER table. Only after completing this step you can proceed to delete the referenced record in the TRUCK table. To test this, execute the following DELETE statements:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EDELETE FROM ORDER_HEADER WHERE ORDER_ID = $NEW_ORDER_ID;\nDELETE FROM TRUCK WHERE TRUCK_ID = $NEW_TRUCK_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth statements should run successfully.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003ERow Level Locking\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUnlike standard tables, which utilize partition or table-level locking, hybrid tables employ row-level locking for update operations.\nRow Level locking allows for concurrent updates on independent records.\nIn this step, we will test concurrent updates to different records.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn order to test it we will run concurrent updates on two different records in the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER. We will use the main worksheet "Hybrid Table - QuickStart" we created in step 2.1 and will create a new worksheet "Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2" to simulate a new session. From the "Hybrid Table - QuickStart" worksheet we will start a new transaction using the \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/begin\"\u003EBEGIN\u003C/a\u003E statement, and run an update DML statement. Before running the \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/commit\"\u003ECOMMIT\u003C/a\u003E transaction statement we will open the "Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2" worksheet and run another update DML statement. finally we will commit the open transaction.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 5.1 Creating a New Worksheet\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWithin Worksheets, click the "+" button in the top-right corner of Snowsight and choose "SQL Worksheet"\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/new-worksheet.png?v=2d1d5955\" alt=\"Create New SQL Worksheet\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERename the Worksheet by clicking on the auto-generated Timestamp name and inputting "Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2".\nThe "Hybrid Table - QuickStart Session 2" worksheet that we have just created will only be used in the current step.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 5.2 Running concurrent updates\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen "Hybrid Table - QuickStart" worksheet and then select and set MAX_ORDER_ID variable.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 5\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nSET MAX_ORDER_ID = (SELECT max(order_id) from ORDER_HEADER);\nSELECT $MAX_ORDER_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENote the MAX_ORDER_ID variable value.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EStart a new transaction and run the first update DML statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Begins a transaction in the current session.\nBEGIN;\n-- Update record\nUPDATE ORDER_HEADER\nSET order_status = 'COMPLETED'\nWHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENote that we didn't commit the transaction so now there is an open lock on the record WHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERun \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/show-transactions\"\u003ESHOW TRANSACTIONS\u003C/a\u003E statement. It is expected that the SHOW TRANSACTIONS statement would return 1 single open transaction.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- List all running transactions\nSHOW TRANSACTIONS;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENow open the "Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2" worksheet and then select and set MIN_ORDER_ID variable.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 5\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nSET MIN_ORDER_ID = (SELECT min(order_id) from ORDER_HEADER);\nSELECT $MIN_ORDER_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENote that the MIN_ORDER_ID variable value is different from the MAX_ORDER_ID variable value we used in the first update DML statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERun second update DML statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Update record\nUPDATE ORDER_HEADER\nSET order_status = 'COMPLETED'\nWHERE order_id = $MIN_ORDER_ID;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESince hybrid tables employ row-level locking and the open transaction locks the row WHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID the update statement should run successfully.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOpen "Hybrid Table - QuickStart" worksheet and run a commit statement to commit the open transaction.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Commits an open transaction in the current session.\nCOMMIT;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERun the following statement to view the updated records:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * from ORDER_HEADER where order_status = 'COMPLETED';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003EConsistency\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will demonstrate a unique hybrid tables feature that shows how we can run multi-statement operations natively, easily and effectively in one consistent atomic transaction across both hybrid and standard table types.\nWe'll execute a use case where a truck owner acquires a new truck of the same model. Consequently we will have to update the YEAR column for relevant record in the TRUCK hybrid table to reflect the change. As a result of this update, the TRUCK_HISTORY standard table will be promptly updated to track and preserve changes over time.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 6.1 Run Multi Statement Transaction\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst We'll initiate a new transaction using the \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/begin\"\u003EBEGIN\u003C/a\u003E to ensure that the series of operations is treated as a single, atomic unit.\u003Cbr\u003E\nSecond We'll execute a multi-statement DML that will:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUpdate the relevant truck record in the TRUCK hybrid table.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUpdate the corresponding record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table by setting the RECORD_END_TIME to mark the end of its validity.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EInsert a new record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table, capturing the updated information.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFinally, \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/commit\"\u003ECOMMIT\u003C/a\u003E the transaction.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 6\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n-- Begins a transaction in the current session.\nbegin;\n-- Set current timestamp. We will use it to set timestamp columns. \nSET CURRENT_TIMESTAMP = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();\n-- Update YEAR and RECORD_START_TIME columns for the relevant truck record in the TRUCK Hybrid table.\nupdate TRUCK set YEAR = '2024',RECORD_START_TIME=$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- Update the corresponding record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table by setting the RECORD_END_TIME to mark the end of its validity.\nupdate TRUCK_HISTORY SET RECORD_END_TIME=$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP where TRUCK_ID = 1 and RECORD_END_TIME IS NULL;\n-- Insert a new record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table, capturing the updated information.\ninsert into TRUCK_HISTORY select *,NULL AS RECORD_END_TIME from TRUCK where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- commit the transaction\ncommit;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 6.3 Explore Data\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENow we can run select queries to review the new inserted records.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Should return two records \nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- Should return one updated record \nselect * from TRUCK where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003EHybrid Querying\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will test the join between hybrid and standard tables. We will use the TRUCK_HISTORY table and join it with the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 7.1 Explore Data\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn the Setup step, we already created and loaded data into the ORDER_HEADER tables. Now we can run a few queries and review some information to get familiar with it.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 7\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n-- Lists the tables for which you have access privileges in hybrid_quickstart_db database\nshow tables in database hybrid_quickstart_db;\n-- Select name and is_hybrid columns\nselect "name", "is_hybrid" from table(result_scan(last_query_id()));\n\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from standard table TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from hybrid table ORDER_HEADER\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 7.2 Join Hybrid Table and Standard Table\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn order to test the join of the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER with the standard table TRUCK_HISTORY, let's run the join statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Set ORDER_ID variable\nset ORDER_ID = (select order_id from ORDER_HEADER limit 1);\n\n-- Join tables ORDER_STATE_HYBRID and TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect HY.*,ST.* from ORDER_HEADER as HY join TRUCK_HISTORY as ST on HY.truck_id = ST.TRUCK_ID where HY.ORDER_ID = $ORDER_ID and ST.RECORD_END_TIME IS NULL;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAfter executing the join statement, examine and analyze the data in the result set.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003ESecurity & Governance\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will demonstrate that the security and governance functionalities applied to the standard table also extend to the hybrid table, by running two security use cases.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 8.1 Hybrid Table Access Control and User Management\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-access-control-overview\"\u003ERole-based access control (RBAC)\u003C/a\u003E in Snowflake for hybrid tables is the same as standard tables.\nThe purpose of this exercise is to give you a chance to see how you can manage access to hybrid table data in Snowflake by granting privileges to some roles.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst we will create a new HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 8\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nCREATE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nSET MY_USER = CURRENT_USER();\nGRANT ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE TO USER IDENTIFIER($MY_USER);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThen we will grant USAGE privileges to HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database, and all its schemas to role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON ALL SCHEMAS IN DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUse the newly created role and try to select some data from ORDER_STATE_HYBRID hybrid table\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE database\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWe’re not able to select any data. That’s because the role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE has not been granted the necessary privileges.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUse role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE and grant role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE select privileges on all tables in schema DATA.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA DATA TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETry again to select some data from ORDER_STATE_HYBRID hybrid table\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis time it worked! This is because the HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role has the appropriate privileges at all levels of the hierarchy.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EStep 8.2 Hybrid Table Masking Policy\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this step, we will create a new masking policy object and apply it to the TRUCK_EMAIL column in the TRUCK hybrid table using an ALTER TABLE... ALTER COLUMN statement.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFirst, we will create a new masking policy.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 8\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n--full column masking version, always masks\ncreate masking policy hide_column_values as\n(col_value varchar) returns varchar ->\n  case\n     WHEN current_role() IN ('HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE') THEN col_value\n    else '***MASKED***'\n  end;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EApply the policy to the hybrid table.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- set masking policy\nalter table TRUCK modify column TRUCK_EMAIL\nset masking policy hide_column_values using (TRUCK_EMAIL);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESince we are using the HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role column TRUCK_EMAIL should not be masked.\nRun the statement to see if it has the desired effect\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003Eselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESince we are using HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role column TRUCK_EMAIL should be masked.\nRun the statement to see if it has the desired effect\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003ECleanup\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo clean up your Snowflake environment you can run the following SQL Statements:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Step 9\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nDROP DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nDROP WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nDROP ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nDROP ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe last step is to manually delete "Hybrid Table - QuickStart" and "Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2" worksheets.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch2\u003EConclusion and Resources\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You Learned\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHaving completed this quickstart you have successfully\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECreated Hybrid Table and Bulk Load Data\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EExplore the Data\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELearned about Unique and Foreign Keys Constraints\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELearned about hybrid table unique row level locking\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELearned about consistency and how you can run multi-statement operation in one consistent atomic transaction across both hybrid and standard table types\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELearned about hybrid querying and how to join standard table and hybrid table\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELearned that security and governance principles apply similarly to both hybrid and standard tables\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ERelated Resources:\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/en/data-cloud/workloads/unistore/\"\u003ESnowflake Unistore Landing Page\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid\"\u003ESnowflake Documentation for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices\"\u003EBest Practices for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test\"\u003EPerformance Testing for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/blog/simplify-application-development-hybrid-tables\"\u003ESimplify Application Development Hybrid Tables Blog\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/en/developers/guides/getting-started-with-snowflake-postgres/\"\u003EGetting Started with Snowflake Postgres\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-performance-optimization-primer/\"\u003EHybrid Tables Performance Optimization Primer\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/\"\u003ESecondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-standard-to-hybrid-migration/\"\u003EConverting Standard Tables to Hybrid Tables\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E"],"description":"Follow this tutorial to learn the basics of hybrid tables","title":"Getting Started with Hybrid Tables","elements":{"quickstartArticleBody":{"title":"Quickstart Article Body","dataType":"string","value":"\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Overview \n\n### Hybrid Tables\n\nA [hybrid table](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid) is a Snowflake table type that is optimized for hybrid transactional and operational workloads that require low latency and high throughput on small random point reads and writes. A hybrid table supports unique and referential integrity constraint enforcement that is critical for transactional workloads. You can use a hybrid table along with other Snowflake tables and features to power [Unistore workloads](/en/data-cloud/workloads/unistore/) that bring transactional and analytical data together in a single platform.\n\nUse cases that may benefit from hybrid tables include:\n\n- Build a cohort for a targeted marketing campaign through an interactive user interface.\n- Maintain a central workflow state to coordinate large parallel data transformation pipelines.\n- Serve a precomputed promotion treatment for users who are visiting your website or mobile app.\n\n### Architecture\n\nHybrid tables are integrated seamlessly into the existing Snowflake architecture. Customers connect to the same Snowflake database service. Queries are compiled and optimized in the cloud services layer and executed in the same query engine in virtual warehouses. This provides several key benefits:\n\n- Snowflake platform features, such as data governance, work with hybrid tables out of the box.\n- You can run hybrid workloads mixing operational and analytical queries.\n- You can join hybrid tables with other Snowflake tables and the query executes natively and efficiently in the same query engine. No federation is required.\n- You can execute an atomic transaction across hybrid tables and other Snowflake tables. There is no need to orchestrate your own two-phase commit.\n\n![Architecture](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/Architecture-Hybrid-Tables.png?v=2d1d5955)\n\nHybrid tables leverage a row store as the primary data store to provide excellent operational query performance. When you write to a hybrid table, the data is written directly into the rowstore. Data is asynchronously copied into object storage in order to provide better performance and workload isolation for large scans without impacting your ongoing operational workloads. Some data may also be cached in columnar format on your warehouse in order to provide better performance on analytical queries. You simply execute SQL statements against the logical hybrid table and Snowflake’s query optimizer decides where to read data from in order to provide the best performance. You get one consistent view of your data without needing to worry about the underlying infrastructure.\n\n\n### What You Will Learn \n\n- The basics of hybrid tables\n- How to create and use hybrid tables\n- The advantages of hybrid tables over standard tables\n- Hybrid table unique characteristics like Indexes, primary keys, unique and foreign keys\n\n### Prerequisites\n\n- Familiarity with the Snowflake Snowsight interface\n- Familiarity with SQL\n- A Snowflake paid account in an AWS or Azure commercial region (Hybrid Tables are not available in GCP, government regions, or trial accounts)\n- Account admin credentials which you should use to execute the quickstart\n\n\n## Setup\n\n\nIn this part of the step, we will setup our Snowflake account, create new worksheets, role, database structures, create a Virtual Warehouse and create two hybrid tables and one standard table that we will use in this step.\n\n\u003E **Note on Production Workloads:** The SQL in this quickstart uses string literals for clarity. Production OLTP workloads should use bound variables (parameterized queries) so Snowflake can cache and reuse query plans. See [Hybrid Tables Best Practices](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices) and [Performance Testing for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test).\n\n\n### Step 2.1 Creating a Worksheet\n\nWithin Worksheets, click the \"+\" button in the top-right corner of Snowsight and choose \"SQL Worksheet\"\n\n![Create New SQL Worksheet](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/new-worksheet.png?v=2d1d5955)\n\nRename the Worksheet by clicking on the auto-generated Timestamp name and inputting \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\"\n\n### Step 2.2 Setup\n\n#### Create Objects\nNext we will create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse and HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database.\n\n```sql\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n-- Create role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE\nCREATE OR REPLACE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE TO ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN ;\n\n-- Create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse\nCREATE OR REPLACE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL, AUTO_SUSPEND = 300, AUTO_RESUME= TRUE;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT CREATE DATABASE ON ACCOUNT TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Use role and create HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database and schema.\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nCREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB.DATA;\nGRANT OWNERSHIP ON SCHEMA HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB.DATA TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Use role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\n\n-- Set step context use HYBRID_DB_USER_(USER_NUMBER) database and DATA schema\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n```\n\n#### Create Tables and Bulk Load Data\n\nIn this quickstart, we will use Tasty Bytes Snowflake fictional food truck business data to simulate a data serving use case where we would like to serve data to our applications.\n\nWe will create three tables:\n- ORDER_HEADER Hybrid table -  This  table stores order metadata such as TRUCK_ID, CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_AMOUNT, etc.\n- TRUCK Hybrid table -  This table stores truck metadata such as TRUCK_ID,FRANCHISE_ID,MENU_TYPE_ID, etc.\n- TRUCK_HISTORY standard table -  This table will store historical TRUCK information, enabling you to track changes over time.\n\nYou may bulk load data into hybrid tables by copying from a data stage or other tables (that is, using CTAS, COPY, or INSERT INTO … SELECT).\nAll three bulk load methods (CTAS, COPY, and INSERT INTO … SELECT) use an optimized loading path when the target hybrid table is empty. CTAS is convenient for tables without FOREIGN KEY constraints. For tables with FOREIGN KEY constraints, create the schema first and use INSERT INTO … SELECT (CTAS does not support FOREIGN KEY).\nYou can define keys, indexes, and constraints at table creation time (recommended) or add secondary indexes later using CREATE INDEX on populated tables.\n\nFirst we have to create a [FILE FORMAT](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-file-format) that describes a set of staged data to access or load into Snowflake tables and a [STAGE](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-load-overview) which is a Snowflake object that points to a cloud storage location Snowflake can access to both ingest and query data. In this step the data is stored in a publicly accessible AWS S3 bucket which we are referencing when creating the Stage object.\n\n```sql\n-- Create a CSV file format named CSV_FORMAT\nCREATE OR REPLACE FILE FORMAT CSV_FORMAT TYPE = csv field_delimiter = ',' skip_header = 1 null_if = ('NULL', 'null') empty_field_as_null = true;\n-- Create stage for loading orders data\nCREATE OR REPLACE STAGE FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE URL = 's3://sfquickstarts/hybrid_table_guide' FILE_FORMAT = CSV_FORMAT;\n```\n\nOnce we've created the stage lets view using [LIST](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/list?utm_source=snowscope&utm_medium=serp&utm_term=LIST+%40) statement all the files in FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE named stage:\n\n```sql\n-- List all the files in FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE named stage:\nlist @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE;\n```\nThe statement should return two records: one for the 'TRUCK.csv' file and the second for the 'ORDER_HEADER.csv' file.\n\nOnce we've created the Stage which points to where the data resides in cloud storage we can simply load the data using CTAS statement into our TRUCK table.\nThe first DDL will create a hybrid table TRUCK using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nNote the primary key constraint on the TRUCK_ID column.\nThe second DDL will create a standard table TRUCK_HISTORY using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\n\n```sql\n-- current time step\nSET CURRENT_TIMESTAMP = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();\n\n-- The first DDL will create TRUCK hybrid table using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nCREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE TRUCK (\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tMENU_TYPE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tPRIMARY_CITY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tREGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_REGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tCOUNTRY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_COUNTRY_CODE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tFRANCHISE_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tYEAR NUMBER(38,0),\n\tMAKE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tMODEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tEV_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tFRANCHISE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tTRUCK_OPENING_DATE DATE,\n    \tTRUCK_EMAIL VARCHAR NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n    \tRECORD_START_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n\tprimary key (TRUCK_ID) \n\t)\n\tAS\n\tSELECT \n\tt.$1 AS TRUCK_ID, \n\tt.$2 AS MENU_TYPE_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS PRIMARY_CITY,\n\tt.$4 AS REGION,\n\tt.$5 AS ISO_REGION,\n\tt.$6 AS COUNTRY,\n\tt.$7 AS ISO_COUNTRY_CODE,\n\tt.$8 AS FRANCHISE_FLAG,\n\tt.$9 AS YEAR,\n\tt.$10 AS MAKE,\n\tt.$11 AS MODEL,\n\tt.$12 AS EV_FLAG,\n\tt.$13 AS FRANCHISE_ID,\n\tt.$14 AS TRUCK_OPENING_DATE,\n\tCONCAT(TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com') TRUCK_EMAIL,\n    \t$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS RECORD_START_TIME\n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=\u003E'.*TRUCK.csv') t;\n\n-- The second DDL will create TRUCK_HISTORY standard table using CREATE TABLE … AS SELECT statement.\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE TRUCK_HISTORY (\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tMENU_TYPE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tPRIMARY_CITY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tREGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_REGION VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tCOUNTRY VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tISO_COUNTRY_CODE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tFRANCHISE_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tYEAR NUMBER(38,0),\n\tMAKE VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tMODEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tEV_FLAG NUMBER(38,0),\n\tFRANCHISE_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tTRUCK_OPENING_DATE DATE,\n    \tTRUCK_EMAIL VARCHAR NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n    \tRECORD_START_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n    \tRECORD_END_TIME TIMESTAMP,\n\tprimary key (TRUCK_ID) \n\t)\n\tAS\n\tSELECT \n\tt.$1 AS TRUCK_ID, \n\tt.$2 AS MENU_TYPE_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS PRIMARY_CITY,\n\tt.$4 AS REGION,\n\tt.$5 AS ISO_REGION,\n\tt.$6 AS COUNTRY,\n\tt.$7 AS ISO_COUNTRY_CODE,\n\tt.$8 AS FRANCHISE_FLAG,\n\tt.$9 AS YEAR,\n\tt.$10 AS MAKE,\n\tt.$11 AS MODEL,\n\tt.$12 AS EV_FLAG,\n\tt.$13 AS FRANCHISE_ID,\n\tt.$14 AS TRUCK_OPENING_DATE,\n\tCONCAT(TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com') TRUCK_EMAIL,\n\t$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS RECORD_START_TIME,\n\tNULL AS RECORD_END_TIME\n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=\u003E'.*TRUCK.csv') t;\n```\n\nThis DDL will create the structure for the ORDER_HEADER hybrid table.\nNote the following:\n- Primary key constraint on ORDER_ID column\n- Foreign key references constraints on column TRUCK_ID from table TRUCK\n- secondary indexes on column ORDER_TS\n\n```sql\n-- Creates or replace ORDER_HEADER table\nCREATE OR REPLACE HYBRID TABLE ORDER_HEADER (\n\tORDER_ID NUMBER(38,0) NOT NULL,\n\tTRUCK_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tLOCATION_ID NUMBER(19,0),\n\tCUSTOMER_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tDISCOUNT_ID FLOAT,\n\tSHIFT_ID NUMBER(38,0),\n\tSHIFT_START_TIME TIME(9),\n\tSHIFT_END_TIME TIME(9),\n\tORDER_CHANNEL VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_TS TIMESTAMP_NTZ(9),\n\tSERVED_TS VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_CURRENCY VARCHAR(3),\n\tORDER_AMOUNT NUMBER(38,4),\n\tORDER_TAX_AMOUNT VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT VARCHAR(16777216),\n\tORDER_TOTAL NUMBER(38,4),\n\tORDER_STATUS VARCHAR(16777216) DEFAULT 'INQUEUE',\n\tprimary key (ORDER_ID),\n\tforeign key (TRUCK_ID) references TRUCK(TRUCK_ID) ,\n\tindex IDX01_ORDER_TS(ORDER_TS)\n);\n```\n\nThis DML will insert data into table ORDER_HEADER using INSERT INTO … SELECT statement\n\n```sql\n-- This DML will insert data into table ORDER_HEADER using INSERT INTO … SELECT statement\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER (\n\tORDER_ID,\n\tTRUCK_ID,\n\tLOCATION_ID,\n\tCUSTOMER_ID,\n\tDISCOUNT_ID,\n\tSHIFT_ID,\n\tSHIFT_START_TIME,\n\tSHIFT_END_TIME,\n\tORDER_CHANNEL,\n\tORDER_TS,\n\tSERVED_TS,\n\tORDER_CURRENCY,\n\tORDER_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_TAX_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT,\n\tORDER_TOTAL,\n\tORDER_STATUS)\n\tSELECT\n\tt.$1 AS ORDER_ID,\n\tt.$2 AS TRUCK_ID,\n\tt.$3 AS LOCATION_ID,\n\tt.$4 AS CUSTOMER_ID,\n\tt.$5 AS DISCOUNT_ID,\n\tt.$6 AS SHIFT_ID,\n\tt.$7 AS SHIFT_START_TIME,\n\tt.$8 AS SHIFT_END_TIME,\n\tt.$9 AS ORDER_CHANNEL,\n\tt.$10 AS ORDER_TS,\n\tt.$11 AS SERVED_TS,\n\tt.$12 AS ORDER_CURRENCY,\n\tt.$13 AS ORDER_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$14 AS ORDER_TAX_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$15 AS ORDER_DISCOUNT_AMOUNT,\n\tt.$16 AS ORDER_TOTAL,\n\t'' as ORDER_STATUS \n\tFROM @FROSTBYTE_TASTY_BYTES_STAGE (pattern=\u003E'.*ORDER_HEADER.csv') t;\n```\n## Explore Data\n\nIn the previous Setup step we created HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database and DATA schema. Let's use them.\n```sql\n-- Step 3\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n```\nWe also created and loaded data into the TRUCK and ORDER_HEADER hybrid tables. Now we can run a few queries and review some information to get familiar with it.\n\nView tables properties and metadata.\n\n```sql\nSHOW TABLES LIKE '%TRUCK%';\nSHOW TABLES LIKE '%ORDER_HEADER%';\n```\nDisplay information about the columns in the table. Note the primary key and unique key columns.\n```sql\n--Describe the columns in the table TRUCK\nDESC TABLE TRUCK;\n--Describe the columns in the table ORDER_HEADER\nDESC TABLE ORDER_HEADER;\n```\n\nLists the hybird tables for which you have access privileges.\n\n```sql\n--Show all HYBRID tables\nSHOW HYBRID TABLES;\n```\n\nList all the indexes in your account for which you have access privileges. Note the value of the is_unique column: for the PRIMARY KEY the value is Y and for the index the value is N.\n```sql\n--Show all HYBRID tables indexes\nSHOW INDEXES IN DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\n```\n\nLook at a sample of the tables.\n```sql\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table TRUCK\nselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from table ORDER_HEADER\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n```\n\n## Unique and Foreign Keys Constraints\n\nIn this part of the step, we will test Unique and Foreign Keys Constraints.\n\n### Step 4.1 Unique Constraints\nIn this step, we will test Unique Constraint which ensures that all values in a column are different.\nIn table TRUCK that we created in the Setup step we defined column TRUCK_EMAIL as NOT NULL and UNIQUE.\n\n\nDisplay information about the columns in the table. \n\n```sql\n-- Step 4\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n-- Describe the columns in the table TRUCK\n-- Note the unique key value for the TRUCK_EMAIL column\nDESC TABLE TRUCK;\n```\nNote the unique key value for the TRUCK_EMAIL column.\n\nDue to the unique constraint, if we attempt to insert two records with the same email address, the statement will fail.\nTo test it run the following statement:\n\n```sql\n-- select one of the existing email addresses\nSET TRUCK_EMAIL = (SELECT TRUCK_EMAIL FROM TRUCK LIMIT 1);\n-- Since TRUCK_ID is a primary key we need to calculate a new primary key value in order not to fail on the \"Primary key already exists\" error.\nSET MAX_TRUCK_ID = (SELECT MAX(TRUCK_ID) FROM TRUCK);\n--Increment max truck_id by one\nSET NEW_TRUCK_ID = $MAX_TRUCK_ID+1;\ninsert into TRUCK values ($NEW_TRUCK_ID,2,'Stockholm','Stockholm län','Stockholm','Sweden','SE',1,2001,'Freightliner','MT45 Utilimaster',0,276,'2020-10-01',$TRUCK_EMAIL,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());\n```\nSince we configured the column TRUCK_EMAIL in table TRUCK as UNIQUE the statement failed and we should receive the following error message:\n\"Duplicate key value violates unique constraint \"SYS_INDEX_TRUCK_UNIQUE_TRUCK_EMAIL\"\"\n\nNow we will create new unique email address and insert a new record to table TRUCK:\n\n```sql\n-- Create new unique email address\nSET NEW_UNIQUE_EMAIL = CONCAT($NEW_TRUCK_ID, '_truck@email.com');\ninsert into TRUCK values ($NEW_TRUCK_ID,2,'Stockholm','Stockholm län','Stockholm','Sweden','SE',1,2001,'Freightliner','MT45 Utilimaster',0,276,'2020-10-01',$NEW_UNIQUE_EMAIL,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());\n```\nStatement should run successfully.\n\n### Step 4.2 Insert Foreign Keys Constraints\n\nIn this step we will test foreign key constraint.\n\nFirst, let's recall the foreign key constraints we defined in the ORDER_HEADER table by executing the [GET_DDL](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/get_ddl). Note the foreign key constraints related to the TRUCK_ID column in the output.\n\n```sql\n-- Return the DDL used to create table named ORDER_HEADER:\nselect get_ddl('table', 'ORDER_HEADER');\n```\n\nSecond, we will try to insert a new record to table ORDER_HEADER with non existing truck id.\nIt is expected that the insert statement would fail since we will violate the TRUCK table foreign key constraint.\n\n```sql\n-- Since ORDER_ID is a primary key we need to calculate a new primary key value in order not to fail on the \"Primary key already exists\" error.\nSET MAX_ORDER_ID = (SELECT MAX(ORDER_ID) FROM ORDER_HEADER);\n--Increment max ORDER_ID by one\nSET NEW_ORDER_ID = ($MAX_ORDER_ID +1);\nSET NONE_EXIST_TRUCK_ID = -1;\n-- Insert new record to table ORDER_HEADER\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER values ($NEW_ORDER_ID,$NONE_EXIST_TRUCK_ID,6090,0,0,0,'16:00:00','23:00:00','','2022-02-18 21:38:46.000','','USD',17.0000,'','',17.0000,'');\n```\nThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\n\nForeign key constraint \"SYS_INDEX_ORDER_HEADER_FOREIGN_KEY_TRUCK_ID_TRUCK_TRUCK_ID\" is violated.\n\nNow we will use the new NEW_TRUCK_ID variable we used in previous step and insert a new record to table ORDER_HEADER:\n\n```sql\n-- Insert new record to table ORDER_HEADER\ninsert into ORDER_HEADER values ($NEW_ORDER_ID,$NEW_TRUCK_ID,6090,0,0,0,'16:00:00','23:00:00','','2022-02-18 21:38:46.000','','USD',17.0000,'','',17.0000,'');\n```\n\nStatement should run successfully.\n\n\n\n### Step 4.3 Truncated Active Foreign Key Constraint\n\nIn this step, we will test that the table referenced by a foreign key constraint cannot be truncated as long as the foreign key relationship exists.\nTo test it run the following [TRUNCATE](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/truncate-table) statement:\n\n```sql\n-- truncate the table\nTRUNCATE TABLE TRUCK;\n```\n\nThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\n\"391458 (0A000): Hybrid table 'TRUCK' cannot be truncated as it is involved in active foreign key constraints.\"\n\n\n### Step 4.4 Delete Foreign Key Constraint\n\nIn this step, we will test that a record referenced by a foreign key constraint cannot be deleted as long as the foreign key reference relationship exists.\n\nTo test it run the following [DELETE](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/delete) statement:\n\n```sql\nDELETE FROM TRUCK WHERE TRUCK_ID = $NEW_TRUCK_ID;\n```\n\nThe statement should fail and we should receive the following error message:\n\"Foreign keys that reference key values still exist.\"\n\nTo successfully delete a record referenced by a foreign key constraint, you must first delete the corresponding reference record in the ORDER_HEADER table. Only after completing this step you can proceed to delete the referenced record in the TRUCK table. To test this, execute the following DELETE statements:\n\n```sql\nDELETE FROM ORDER_HEADER WHERE ORDER_ID = $NEW_ORDER_ID;\nDELETE FROM TRUCK WHERE TRUCK_ID = $NEW_TRUCK_ID;\n```\nBoth statements should run successfully.\n\n## Row Level Locking\n\n\nUnlike standard tables, which utilize partition or table-level locking, hybrid tables employ row-level locking for update operations.\nRow Level locking allows for concurrent updates on independent records.\nIn this step, we will test concurrent updates to different records.\n\nIn order to test it we will run concurrent updates on two different records in the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER. We will use the main worksheet \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\" we created in step 2.1 and will create a new worksheet \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2\" to simulate a new session. From the \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\" worksheet we will start a new transaction using the [BEGIN](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/begin) statement, and run an update DML statement. Before running the [COMMIT](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/commit) transaction statement we will open the \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2\" worksheet and run another update DML statement. finally we will commit the open transaction.\n\n### Step 5.1 Creating a New Worksheet\n\nWithin Worksheets, click the \"+\" button in the top-right corner of Snowsight and choose \"SQL Worksheet\"\n\n![Create New SQL Worksheet](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/getting-started-with-hybrid-tables/new-worksheet.png?v=2d1d5955)\n\nRename the Worksheet by clicking on the auto-generated Timestamp name and inputting \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2\".\nThe \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart Session 2\" worksheet that we have just created will only be used in the current step.\n\n### Step 5.2 Running concurrent updates\n\nOpen \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\" worksheet and then select and set MAX_ORDER_ID variable.\n\n```sql\n-- Step 5\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nSET MAX_ORDER_ID = (SELECT max(order_id) from ORDER_HEADER);\nSELECT $MAX_ORDER_ID;\n```\nNote the MAX_ORDER_ID variable value.\n\nStart a new transaction and run the first update DML statement.\n```sql\n-- Begins a transaction in the current session.\nBEGIN;\n-- Update record\nUPDATE ORDER_HEADER\nSET order_status = 'COMPLETED'\nWHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID;\n```\nNote that we didn't commit the transaction so now there is an open lock on the record WHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID.\n\nRun [SHOW TRANSACTIONS](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/show-transactions) statement. It is expected that the SHOW TRANSACTIONS statement would return 1 single open transaction.\n```sql\n-- List all running transactions\nSHOW TRANSACTIONS;\n```\n\nNow open the \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2\" worksheet and then select and set MIN_ORDER_ID variable.\n\n```sql\n-- Step 5\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nSET MIN_ORDER_ID = (SELECT min(order_id) from ORDER_HEADER);\nSELECT $MIN_ORDER_ID;\n```\nNote that the MIN_ORDER_ID variable value is different from the MAX_ORDER_ID variable value we used in the first update DML statement.\n\n\nRun second update DML statement.\n```sql\n-- Update record\nUPDATE ORDER_HEADER\nSET order_status = 'COMPLETED'\nWHERE order_id = $MIN_ORDER_ID;\n```\nSince hybrid tables employ row-level locking and the open transaction locks the row WHERE order_id = $MAX_ORDER_ID the update statement should run successfully.\n\nOpen \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\" worksheet and run a commit statement to commit the open transaction.\n\n```sql\n-- Commits an open transaction in the current session.\nCOMMIT;\n```\n\nRun the following statement to view the updated records:\n```sql\nSELECT * from ORDER_HEADER where order_status = 'COMPLETED';\n```\n\n## Consistency \n\nIn this step, we will demonstrate a unique hybrid tables feature that shows how we can run multi-statement operations natively, easily and effectively in one consistent atomic transaction across both hybrid and standard table types.\nWe'll execute a use case where a truck owner acquires a new truck of the same model. Consequently we will have to update the YEAR column for relevant record in the TRUCK hybrid table to reflect the change. As a result of this update, the TRUCK_HISTORY standard table will be promptly updated to track and preserve changes over time. \n\n### Step 6.1 Run Multi Statement Transaction\n\nFirst We'll initiate a new transaction using the [BEGIN](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/begin) to ensure that the series of operations is treated as a single, atomic unit.\\\nSecond We'll execute a multi-statement DML that will:\n- Update the relevant truck record in the TRUCK hybrid table.\n- Update the corresponding record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table by setting the RECORD_END_TIME to mark the end of its validity.\n- Insert a new record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table, capturing the updated information.\n\nFinally, [COMMIT](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/commit) the transaction.\n\n```sql\n-- Step 6\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n-- Begins a transaction in the current session.\nbegin;\n-- Set current timestamp. We will use it to set timestamp columns. \nSET CURRENT_TIMESTAMP = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();\n-- Update YEAR and RECORD_START_TIME columns for the relevant truck record in the TRUCK Hybrid table.\nupdate TRUCK set YEAR = '2024',RECORD_START_TIME=$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- Update the corresponding record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table by setting the RECORD_END_TIME to mark the end of its validity.\nupdate TRUCK_HISTORY SET RECORD_END_TIME=$CURRENT_TIMESTAMP where TRUCK_ID = 1 and RECORD_END_TIME IS NULL;\n-- Insert a new record in the TRUCK_HISTORY table, capturing the updated information.\ninsert into TRUCK_HISTORY select *,NULL AS RECORD_END_TIME from TRUCK where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- commit the transaction\ncommit;\n```\n\n### Step 6.3 Explore Data \n\nNow we can run select queries to review the new inserted records.\n\n```sql\n-- Should return two records \nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n-- Should return one updated record \nselect * from TRUCK where TRUCK_ID = 1;\n```\n\n## Hybrid Querying\n\nIn this step, we will test the join between hybrid and standard tables. We will use the TRUCK_HISTORY table and join it with the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER.\n\n### Step 7.1 Explore Data \n\nIn the Setup step, we already created and loaded data into the ORDER_HEADER tables. Now we can run a few queries and review some information to get familiar with it.\n```sql\n-- Step 7\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n-- Lists the tables for which you have access privileges in hybrid_quickstart_db database\nshow tables in database hybrid_quickstart_db;\n-- Select name and is_hybrid columns\nselect \"name\", \"is_hybrid\" from table(result_scan(last_query_id()));\n\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from standard table TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect * from TRUCK_HISTORY limit 10;\n-- Simple query to look at 10 rows of data from hybrid table ORDER_HEADER\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n```\n\n### Step 7.2 Join Hybrid Table and Standard Table\n\nIn order to test the join of the hybrid table ORDER_HEADER with the standard table TRUCK_HISTORY, let's run the join statement.\n\n```sql\n-- Set ORDER_ID variable\nset ORDER_ID = (select order_id from ORDER_HEADER limit 1);\n\n-- Join tables ORDER_STATE_HYBRID and TRUCK_HISTORY\nselect HY.*,ST.* from ORDER_HEADER as HY join TRUCK_HISTORY as ST on HY.truck_id = ST.TRUCK_ID where HY.ORDER_ID = $ORDER_ID and ST.RECORD_END_TIME IS NULL;\n```\n\nAfter executing the join statement, examine and analyze the data in the result set.\n## Security & Governance\n\n\nIn this step, we will demonstrate that the security and governance functionalities applied to the standard table also extend to the hybrid table, by running two security use cases. \n\n### Step 8.1 Hybrid Table Access Control and User Management\n\n[Role-based access control (RBAC)](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-access-control-overview) in Snowflake for hybrid tables is the same as standard tables.\nThe purpose of this exercise is to give you a chance to see how you can manage access to hybrid table data in Snowflake by granting privileges to some roles.\n\nFirst we will create a new HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\n\n```sql\n-- Step 8\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nCREATE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nSET MY_USER = CURRENT_USER();\nGRANT ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE TO USER IDENTIFIER($MY_USER);\n```\n\nThen we will grant USAGE privileges to HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH warehouse, HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB database, and all its schemas to role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE\n\n```sql\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nGRANT USAGE ON ALL SCHEMAS IN DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB TO HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n```\n\nUse the newly created role and try to select some data from ORDER_STATE_HYBRID hybrid table\n\n```sql\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE database\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n```\nWe’re not able to select any data. That’s because the role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE has not been granted the necessary privileges.\n\nUse role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE and grant role HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE select privileges on all tables in schema DATA.\n\n```sql\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nGRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA DATA TO ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n```\n\nTry again to select some data from ORDER_STATE_HYBRID hybrid table\n\n```sql\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nselect * from ORDER_HEADER limit 10;\n```\n\nThis time it worked! This is because the HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role has the appropriate privileges at all levels of the hierarchy.\n\n### Step 8.2 Hybrid Table Masking Policy\n\nIn this step, we will create a new masking policy object and apply it to the TRUCK_EMAIL column in the TRUCK hybrid table using an ALTER TABLE... ALTER COLUMN statement.\n\nFirst, we will create a new masking policy.\n\n```sql\n-- Step 8\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\n--full column masking version, always masks\ncreate masking policy hide_column_values as\n(col_value varchar) returns varchar -\u003E\n  case\n     WHEN current_role() IN ('HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE') THEN col_value\n    else '***MASKED***'\n  end;\n```\n\nApply the policy to the hybrid table.\n\n```sql\n-- set masking policy\nalter table TRUCK modify column TRUCK_EMAIL\nset masking policy hide_column_values using (TRUCK_EMAIL);\n```\n\nSince we are using the HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE role column TRUCK_EMAIL should not be masked.\nRun the statement to see if it has the desired effect\n\n```sql\nselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n```\n\nSince we are using HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role column TRUCK_EMAIL should be masked.\nRun the statement to see if it has the desired effect\n\n```sql\n-- Use HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE role\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\nselect * from TRUCK limit 10;\n```\n\n## Cleanup\n\nTo clean up your Snowflake environment you can run the following SQL Statements:\n\n```sql\n-- Step 9\n-- Set step context\nUSE ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nUSE SCHEMA DATA;\n\nDROP DATABASE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_DB;\nDROP WAREHOUSE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_WH;\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nDROP ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_ROLE;\nDROP ROLE HYBRID_QUICKSTART_BI_USER_ROLE;\n```\n\nThe last step is to manually delete \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart\" and \"Hybrid Table - QuickStart session 2\" worksheets.\n\n## Conclusion and Resources\n\n### What You Learned\n\nHaving completed this quickstart you have successfully\n- Created Hybrid Table and Bulk Load Data\n- Explore the Data \n- Learned about Unique and Foreign Keys Constraints\n- Learned about hybrid table unique row level locking\n- Learned about consistency and how you can run multi-statement operation in one consistent atomic transaction across both hybrid and standard table types\n- Learned about hybrid querying and how to join standard table and hybrid table\n- Learned that security and governance principles apply similarly to both hybrid and standard tables\n\n\n### Related Resources:\n- [Snowflake Unistore Landing Page](/en/data-cloud/workloads/unistore/)\n- [Snowflake Documentation for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid)\n- [Best Practices for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-best-practices)\n- [Performance Testing for Hybrid Tables](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/tables-hybrid-test)\n- [Simplify Application Development Hybrid Tables Blog](/blog/simplify-application-development-hybrid-tables)\n- [Getting Started with Snowflake Postgres](/en/developers/guides/getting-started-with-snowflake-postgres/)\n- [Hybrid Tables Performance Optimization Primer](/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-performance-optimization-primer/)\n- [Secondary Index Design for Hybrid Tables](/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-secondary-index-design/)\n- [Converting Standard Tables to Hybrid Tables](/en/developers/guides/hybrid-tables-standard-to-hybrid-migration/)\n",":type":"text/x-markdown","multiValue":false},"quickstartArticleLogoImage":{"title":"Quickstart Article Logo Image","dataType":"string",":type":"text/plain","multiValue":false}},"elementsOrder":["quickstartArticleBody","quickstartArticleLogoImage"],"isDeveloperGuidesPage":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/contentfragment",":items":{},":itemsOrder":[],"model":"snowflake-site/models/quickstart-article"},"flexible_column_cont":{"id":"flexible-column-container-64302234b0","type":"2-column-75-25","alignColumns":"top","containerMaxWidth":"extra-large","topPadding":"none","bottomPadding":"none","spaceBetween":"none","reverseOnMobile":false,"carouselOnMobile":false,"backgroundImageOption":"none","flexible_column_content_container_1":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-d5b107a004",":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container/flexible-column-content-container",":items":{"quickstart_last_modi":{"id":"quickstart-last-modified-6c8528f46a","icon":{"id":"icon","icon":"calendar",":type":"snowflake-site/components/icon","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-icon-blue"},"lastModifiedDatePrefix":"Updated","lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-16",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-last-modified","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-small"},"text":{"id":"text-7b43160de1","additionalClasses":"qs-disclaimer-text","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #666;\"\u003EThis content is provided as is, and is not maintained on an ongoing basis. 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