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--&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EOverview\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EData quality problems rarely announce themselves. A device clock drifts and stamps readings two days into the future. An upstream system swaps a missing battery level for -1. A firmware release emits truncated JSON. Nothing errors, and the dashboards keep rendering, on data that is quietly wrong.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESnowflake can check for these conditions natively, on a schedule, without moving data or standing up another tool. This guide explores what that makes possible.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EHow to use this guide\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EStart with \u003Cem\u003EThe Example Data\u003C/em\u003E, which creates everything the examples use. Each later section explores \u003Cstrong\u003Eone capability\u003C/strong\u003E and adds checks to the same table, so the sections are meant to be run in order; where a section relies on a check from an earlier one, it says so. Where something can be done both in SQL and in Snowsight, the section shows both. Profiling, AI-suggested checks, and the monitoring dashboard are Snowsight-only; everything else is shown in SQL.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You'll Learn\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow a check is assembled: metric, association, schedule, expectation, results\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWhich system data metric function to reach for, given a column's shape\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECompleteness, validity, timeliness, integrity, volume, drift and distribution checks\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to scope a check with FILTER or compute it per group with WITHIN GROUP\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to write a custom metric, cover a whole schema, and let Snowflake suggest checks and learn normal ranges\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow to find the offending rows, get notified natively or through an alert created from a template\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWhere to place checks, how to keep them in code, and what monitoring costs\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You'll Build\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA set of quality checks on a small IoT sensor telemetry dataset: system and custom metrics, expectations, scoped and grouped checks, schema-level coverage, anomaly detection, and notifications that fire when a check fails.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat You'll Need\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA Snowflake account on \u003Cstrong\u003EEnterprise Edition or higher\u003C/strong\u003E. Data Quality Monitoring is not available on Standard Edition or on \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-intro#label-data-quality-limitations\"\u003Etrial accounts\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA role that can create a database and a warehouse, and that holds:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EEXECUTE DATA METRIC FUNCTION on the account, to attach and schedule metrics\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EMANAGE DATA QUALITY on the account, for schema-level checks and notifications\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EEXECUTE ALERT on the account, for the template alert in \u003Cem\u003EGet Told, Don't Watch\u003C/em\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECREATE INTEGRATION on the account, for \u003Cem\u003EGet Told, Don't Watch\u003C/em\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EACCOUNTADMIN holds all of these. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-access-control\"\u003EAccess control for data quality\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFamiliarity with running SQL in a Snowsight worksheet.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EUse Cortex Code with this guide\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWith Cortex Code, the /data-quality skill can apply these workflows to your own tables: recommending metrics, scoring schema health, and investigating violations.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EThe Example Data\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe examples use a small IoT dataset. Refrigerated sites report temperature and humidity from battery-powered sensors; readings land in a raw table keyed to a device inventory, with \u003Cstrong\u003Edeliberate defects\u003C/strong\u003E for the checks to find. Timestamps are relative to the current time.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES;\nUSE DATABASE DQ_EXAMPLES;\nUSE SCHEMA PUBLIC;\n\nCREATE WAREHOUSE IF NOT EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES_WH\n    WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL\n    AUTO_SUSPEND = 60\n    INITIALLY_SUSPENDED = TRUE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE DQ_EXAMPLES_WH;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SITES (\n    SITE_ID   VARCHAR(10),\n    SITE_NAME VARCHAR(100),\n    REGION    VARCHAR(50)\n);\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE DEVICES (\n    DEVICE_ID    VARCHAR(20),\n    SITE_ID      VARCHAR(10),\n    MODEL        VARCHAR(50),\n    INSTALLED_ON DATE,\n    LABEL        VARCHAR(100)\n);\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SENSOR_READINGS (\n    READING_ID    NUMBER(10,0),\n    DEVICE_ID     VARCHAR(20),\n    READING_TS    TIMESTAMP_LTZ,\n    INGESTED_AT   TIMESTAMP_LTZ,\n    TEMPERATURE_C NUMBER(5,2),\n    HUMIDITY_PCT  NUMBER(5,2),\n    BATTERY_PCT   NUMBER(5,2),\n    PAYLOAD       VARCHAR(500),\n    STATUS_CODE   VARCHAR(20)\n);\n\nINSERT INTO SITES (SITE_ID, SITE_NAME, REGION) VALUES\n    ('SITE-01', 'Rotterdam Cold Store',  'EMEA'),\n    ('SITE-02', 'Dublin Distribution',   'EMEA'),\n    ('SITE-03', 'Singapore Transit Hub', 'APAC');\n\nINSERT INTO DEVICES (DEVICE_ID, SITE_ID, MODEL, INSTALLED_ON, LABEL) VALUES\n    ('DEV-1001', 'SITE-01', 'TH-200',  '2025-03-14', 'Cold aisle A'),\n    ('DEV-1002', 'SITE-01', 'TH-200',  '2025-03-14', 'Cold aisle B'),\n    ('DEV-1003', 'SITE-02', 'TH-350',  '2025-07-02', '  Loading bay 1  '),\n    ('DEV-1004', 'SITE-02', 'TH-350',  '2025-07-02', 'Loading bay 2'),\n    ('DEV-1005', 'SITE-03', 'TH-350X', '2026-01-20', 'Transit chiller');\n\nINSERT INTO SENSOR_READINGS\n    (READING_ID, DEVICE_ID, READING_TS, INGESTED_AT, TEMPERATURE_C, HUMIDITY_PCT, BATTERY_PCT, PAYLOAD, STATUS_CODE)\nSELECT 1001, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -9, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -9, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.90, 61.20, 98.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-71,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1002, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  4.10, 60.80, 97.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-70,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1003, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.40, 63.10, 91.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-77,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1004, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.60, 62.40, 90.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-76,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1005, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.80, 48.90, 76.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-65,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1006, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.10, 47.60, 75.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-66,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1007, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 11.90, 50.20, 88.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-69,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1008, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.20, 49.70, 87.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-68,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1009, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -2.40, 55.30, 64.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-81,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1010, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -2.10, 54.80, 63.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-80,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1011, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  4.30, 60.10, 96.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-72,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1012, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.80, 61.90, 89.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-75,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1013, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.40, 46.80, 74.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-64,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1014, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.50, 49.10, 86.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-67,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1015, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -1.90, 54.20, 62.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-79,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1015, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -1.90, 54.20, 62.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-79,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1016, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), NULL,  59.70, 95.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-73,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1017, 'DEV-9999', DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  5.20, 58.30, 80.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-74,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1018, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(MINUTE, -30, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -30, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.00, 47.10, -1.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-63,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.4.0&quot;}', 'BATT_UNKNOWN'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1019, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(MINUTE, -20, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -20, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.10, 49.40, 86.00, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-67,&quot;fw&quot;:', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1020, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(DAY, 2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -10, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.70, 62.00, 88.50, '{&quot;rssi&quot;:-75,&quot;fw&quot;:&quot;2.3.1&quot;}', 'OK';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThat is 21 rows across 5 devices and 3 sites. The timestamp columns are TIMESTAMP_LTZ on purpose: metrics that compare against the evaluation time (FRESHNESS and FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT) accept DATE, TIMESTAMP_LTZ and TIMESTAMP_TZ, but \u003Cstrong\u003Enot TIMESTAMP_NTZ\u003C/strong\u003E, Snowflake's default timestamp type.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EThe defects, named openly\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EReading\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EProblem\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EThe check that finds it\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1016\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ETEMPERATURE_C is NULL\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENULL_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1020\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EREADING_TS is two days in the future (device clock skew)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1019\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EPAYLOAD is truncated and not valid JSON\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EINVALID_JSON_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1018\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBATTERY_PCT is -1, a sentinel for &quot;unknown&quot;; STATUS_CODE is BATT_UNKNOWN\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENEGATIVE_COUNT, ACCEPTED_VALUES\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1015\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EAppears twice (duplicated on ingest)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDUPLICATE_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003E1017\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDEVICE_ID is DEV-9999, which is not in DEVICES\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EREFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDEVICES DEV-1003\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ELABEL has leading and trailing spaces\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EUNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETEMPERATURE_C legitimately goes negative: DEV-1005 is a freezer. That is why the negative-value check targets BATTERY_PCT, not temperature.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EAnatomy of a Check\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA check has five parts:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EA \u003Cstrong\u003Edata metric function (DMF)\u003C/strong\u003E measures something and returns a number. It makes no judgment.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAn \u003Cstrong\u003Eassociation\u003C/strong\u003E attaches the DMF to a table and column.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EA \u003Cstrong\u003Eschedule\u003C/strong\u003E, set on the table, governs how often every attached metric runs.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAn \u003Cstrong\u003Eexpectation\u003C/strong\u003E turns the number into a verdict. A metric without one is measured but never judged.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResults\u003C/strong\u003E land in monitoring views you query or read in Snowsight.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis is the model the rest of the guide builds on. To set a schedule, then attach a metric with an expectation:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n    ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n    EXPECTATION MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EEach metric, table and column combination can have \u003Cstrong\u003Eonly one association\u003C/strong\u003E. Adding the same combination again, even with a different filter or grouping, returns an error that points to MODIFY; to change a check, modify it, or drop and re-add it.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOn a new table, you can declare checks in CREATE TABLE, after the column list, so the table and its guarantees arrive together. The bindings go inside parentheses, separated by commas; see \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working\"\u003EUse SQL to set up data quality checks\u003C/a\u003E for the full syntax.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SENSOR_READINGS_V2 (\n    READING_ID    NUMBER(10,0),\n    TEMPERATURE_C NUMBER(5,2)\n)\nWITH DATA METRIC FUNCTION (\n    SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n        ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n        EXPECTATION MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE (VALUE = 0)\n);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EDirect calls versus attached metrics\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMetrics that \u003Cstrong\u003Etake a column argument\u003C/strong\u003E can be called directly in a SELECT, immediately and without a schedule. A direct call is not billed as Data Quality Monitoring; it runs on your warehouse like any other query:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS MISSING_TEMPERATURE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EReturns 1. Metrics that \u003Cstrong\u003Etake no column argument\u003C/strong\u003E (ROW_COUNT, SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT, FRESHNESS with no column, multi-column DUPLICATE_COUNT), and ACCEPTED_VALUES, work only once attached.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EEvaluating expectations now\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EYou can evaluate every expectation on a table without waiting for the schedule:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT METRIC_NAME, EXPECTATION_NAME, EXPECTATION_EXPRESSION, VALUE, EXPECTATION_VIOLATED\nFROM TABLE(SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS('SENSOR_READINGS'));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMETRIC_NAME\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EEXPECTATION_NAME\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EEXPECTATION_EXPRESSION\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EVALUE\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EEXPECTATION_VIOLATED\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENULL_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EVALUE = 0\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E1\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ETRUE\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis form returns a result without recording it. SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS_PERSIST_RESULT also writes it to monitoring history, which anything reading DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_EXPECTATION_STATUS, such as an alert or your own queries, depends on. The Snowsight Monitoring page is different: it reports a check as not run yet until its first scheduled evaluation. Pass it the fully qualified table name: at the time of writing, with a bare name it returns the same result but records nothing, so an alert reading the status finds no violation.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EIn Snowsight\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe same check can be added from the table's \u003Cstrong\u003EData quality\u003C/strong\u003E tab. On a table with no checks yet, choose \u003Cstrong\u003ESet up manually\u003C/strong\u003E, pick a check type such as \u003Cstrong\u003ENulls\u003C/strong\u003E, then a column and the expected value. A check created in Snowsight is visible to SQL and vice versa, but Snowsight names the expectation for you, here EXP__TEMPERATURE_C__NONULLS rather than MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-ui-setup\"\u003EUse Snowsight to set up data quality checks\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/quality_check_types.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The quality check types offered when setting up a check in Snowsight\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/add_null_check.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"A Nulls check expecting a count of 0 nulls in TEMPERATURE_C\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EScheduling options\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe schedule belongs to the table, not to a metric: every metric attached to a table runs on that table's schedule. There are three kinds. These are alternatives, not steps: the examples in this guide assume the daily '1440 MINUTE' schedule shown above.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003E-- Fixed interval: 5, 15, 30, 60, 720, or 1440 minutes\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE';\n\n-- Cron: here, 08:00 UTC on weekdays\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = 'USING CRON 0 8 * * MON-FRI UTC';\n\n-- On change: whenever DML modifies the table\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = 'TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe right interval matches how fast you would act. TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES suits tables loaded in batches; it works on regular, transient, temporary, dynamic, external and Iceberg tables but \u003Cstrong\u003Enot on views\u003C/strong\u003E, and reclustering does not trigger it. Cron runs in the time zone named in the expression, and a run is skipped if the previous one has not finished. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working\"\u003ESchedule the DMF to run\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo pause evaluations while keeping checks attached, set the schedule to an empty string:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUNSET is a trap: it reverts the table to the \u003Cstrong\u003Edefault hourly\u003C/strong\u003E cadence, which multiplies a daily table's evaluations by twenty-four. The references show the current schedule; a blank SCHEDULE means suspended:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT METRIC_NAME, SCHEDULE, SCHEDULE_STATUS\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =&gt; 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =&gt; 'table'));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf you tried the alternatives, restore the daily schedule before continuing:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/monitoring_overview.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The Monitoring view of SENSOR_READINGS, showing failing checks and the Freshness, Volume and Schema quality dimensions\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EProfile Before You Check\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBefore writing rules, look at the data. In Snowsight, open \u003Cstrong\u003EDQ_EXAMPLES &raquo; PUBLIC &raquo; SENSOR_READINGS\u003C/strong\u003E, go to the \u003Cstrong\u003EData quality\u003C/strong\u003E tab and switch to \u003Cstrong\u003EData Profile\u003C/strong\u003E to see per-column statistics. This view is Snowsight-only.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/data_profile.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The data profile of SENSOR_READINGS, showing one null in TEMPERATURE_C and a BATTERY_PCT minimum of -1\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETwo things stand out: TEMPERATURE_C has a non-zero null share, and BATTERY_PCT has a minimum of -1. The scripted equivalent:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT COUNT(*)                                            AS TOTAL_ROWS,\n       COUNT(*) - COUNT(TEMPERATURE_C)                      AS MISSING_TEMPERATURE,\n       MIN(BATTERY_PCT)                                     AS LOWEST_BATTERY,\n       COUNT(DISTINCT DEVICE_ID)                            AS DEVICES_REPORTING,\n       MAX(READING_TS)                                      AS LATEST_READING\nFROM SENSOR_READINGS;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EProfiling tells you what is unusual, not what is \u003Cem\u003Ewrong\u003C/em\u003E; that judgment is yours.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EChoosing a Check\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESnowflake's system metrics live in SNOWFLAKE.CORE: more than 185 of them, grouped into categories. Start from the category that matches the column, then pick a metric:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECategory\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECatches\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EExamples\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECompleteness\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMissing or empty values\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENULL_COUNT, BLANK_COUNT, EMPTY_STRING_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EValidity\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EValues that break a format or rule\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EACCEPTED_VALUES, INVALID_JSON_COUNT, FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EConsistency\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFormatting regressions in text\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EUNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT, CASE_FORMAT_VIOLATION_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EUniqueness\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDouble ingestion, broken grain\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDUPLICATE_COUNT, UNIQUE_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFreshness\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EStalled pipelines\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFRESHNESS\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EVolume\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ETables that stop growing or collapse\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EROW_COUNT, TABLE_SIZE_BYTES\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESchema\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EColumns added, dropped, renamed, retyped\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EStatistics\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDrift no single row reveals; sentinel values\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EAVG, STDDEV, APPROX_QUANTILE_50, NEGATIVE_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EOutliers\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EValues far outside the column's range\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EOUTLIER_IQR_COUNT, EXTREME_OUTLIER_ZSCORE_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMachine Learning\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EModel predictions drifting from actuals\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EACCURACY, MAPE, R_SQUARED\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMost metrics come in a _COUNT and a _PERCENT form: _COUNT suits cases where any occurrence is a defect, and _PERCENT cases where proportion matters in a table whose size varies. For the current list, see \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-system-dmfs\"\u003ESystem data metric functions\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003ECompleteness and Validity\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EEvery reading should carry a temperature (reading 1016 does not), a parseable payload (1019 does not), and a known status code (1018 does not). The column-argument metrics can be measured directly:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_PERCENT(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS MISSING_PCT,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.INVALID_JSON_COUNT(SELECT PAYLOAD FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS BAD_PAYLOADS,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT(SELECT LABEL FROM DEVICES)       AS PADDED_LABELS;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EMISSING_PCT\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EBAD_PAYLOADS\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EPADDED_LABELS\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E4.761900\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E1\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E1\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOne row in twenty-one has no temperature. The count form expresses a rule (&quot;never&quot;); the percentage form, a tolerance (&quot;under 1%&quot;). MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE from \u003Cem\u003EAnatomy of a Check\u003C/em\u003E is already the rule for temperature; the payload rule attaches the same way:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.INVALID_JSON_COUNT\n    ON (PAYLOAD)\n    EXPECTATION PAYLOAD_IS_JSON (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECase\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDMF\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENotes\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMissing values\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENULL_COUNT, NULL_PERCENT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECount for a rule, percent for a tolerance\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMalformed JSON\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EINVALID_JSON_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ETests TRY_PARSE_JSON; NULLs are not counted as invalid\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EText that will fail a numeric cast\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EINVALID_NUMERIC_TYPE_CAST_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EAttach to staging columns you plan to cast\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESentinel or impossible numbers\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENEGATIVE_COUNT, ZERO_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EApply only where the value is genuinely impossible; see \u003Cem\u003EScoping Checks\u003C/em\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EEmpty or padded strings\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBLANK_COUNT, UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFinds the DEV-1003 label in DEVICES\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EValue outside a known set\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EACCEPTED_VALUES\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ETakes a lambda; must be attached\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EACCEPTED_VALUES is the one pattern that differs. It takes a Boolean lambda and counts the rows that fail it:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ACCEPTED_VALUES\n    ON (STATUS_CODE, STATUS_CODE -&gt; STATUS_CODE IN ('OK', 'WARN'))\n    EXPECTATION STATUS_IS_KNOWN (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EEvaluating now with SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS shows STATUS_IS_KNOWN at 1 (reading 1018) and saves you writing a custom value-in-list metric.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003ETimeliness\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFRESHNESS returns the seconds between the newest value in a timestamp column and the moment the check ran:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS(SELECT READING_TS FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS STALENESS_SECONDS;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOn the example data this returns something like -172700, which is \u003Cstrong\u003Enegative\u003C/strong\u003E. Reading 1020 is stamped two days ahead, so freshness reports data that has not happened yet, and an expectation like VALUE &lt; 3600 would pass while the pipeline was dead. \u003Cstrong\u003EA freshness check alone can be defeated by one bad timestamp.\u003C/strong\u003E Paired with a clock-skew check, it cannot be fooled:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS\n    ON (READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION READINGS_ARE_RECENT (VALUE &lt; 600);\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT\n    ON (READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION NO_SKEWED_READINGS (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECase\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EApproach\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EIs the \u003Cem\u003Edata\u003C/em\u003E current?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFRESHNESS on a timestamp column\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDid the \u003Cem\u003Epipeline\u003C/em\u003E run?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFRESHNESS with ON (), which measures the last DML against the table\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EIs any row dated in the future?\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT; prefer the count over FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_PERCENT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBusiness hours, per-source SLAs\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EA custom metric using SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE_TIME(); see \u003Cem\u003EWrite Your Own Check\u003C/em\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT compares against the evaluation time, so a row that passes today can fail on a rerun of history. That is correct: a backfill dated next Tuesday is wrong on both days.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EIntegrity and Uniqueness\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EReading 1017 reports device DEV-9999, which is not in DEVICES; joins silently drop it. REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT replaces a hand-written NOT IN check. The second argument names the parent table and its matching column:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT\n    ON (DEVICE_ID, TABLE(DEVICES(DEVICE_ID)))\n    EXPECTATION NO_ORPHAN_READINGS (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor compound keys, the columns are listed in matching order on both sides. \u003Cem\u003EFind the Bad Rows\u003C/em\u003E shows how to retrieve reading 1017 itself.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EReading 1015 was ingested twice:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT(SELECT READING_ID FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS DUPLICATED_VALUES,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.UNIQUE_COUNT(SELECT READING_ID FROM SENSOR_READINGS)    AS DISTINCT_VALUES;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EReturns 1 and 20. DUPLICATE_COUNT is the number of \u003Cem\u003Evalues that have duplicates\u003C/em\u003E, not excess rows; UNIQUE_COUNT is the number of \u003Cem\u003Edistinct\u003C/em\u003E values, not values occurring once.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECase\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EApproach\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESingle-column key\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDUPLICATE_COUNT ON (READING_ID) with VALUE = 0\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EGrain is a column combination\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDUPLICATE_COUNT on a column list; must be attached\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EOrphaned foreign keys\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EREFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT\n    ON (READING_ID)\n    EXPECTATION READING_ID_IS_UNIQUE (VALUE = 0);\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT\n    ON (DEVICE_ID, READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION ONE_READING_PER_DEVICE_PER_TIMESTAMP (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth measure 1: reading 1015's two copies share a reading ID and a device-and-timestamp pair. NULLs count as a value, so a nullable key reports duplicates once two rows are both NULL.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EVolume, Drift and Distribution\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESome failures are not bad rows: good data stops arriving, a column is renamed upstream, or a sensor recalibrated to Fahrenheit produces individually plausible readings with a shifted distribution.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EROW_COUNT takes no column, so you attach it and read the measurement once an evaluation has run. \u003Cem\u003ELet Snowflake Learn Normal\u003C/em\u003E builds on this association:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT\n    ON ()\n    EXPECTATION ENOUGH_READINGS (VALUE &gt; 15);\n\nSELECT MEASUREMENT_TIME, TABLE_NAME, METRIC_NAME, VALUE\nFROM TABLE(SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_RESULTS(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =&gt; 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =&gt; 'TABLE'))\nWHERE METRIC_NAME = 'ROW_COUNT'\nORDER BY MEASUREMENT_TIME DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUntil the first scheduled run, the query returns no rows; evaluating now reports ENOUGH_READINGS at 21. A fixed floor like VALUE &gt; 15 cannot express &quot;less than usual&quot;; anomaly detection can.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECase\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EApproach\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENotes\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EVolume collapse\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EROW_COUNT ON ()\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EPrefer anomaly detection over a fixed floor\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESchema drift\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT ON ()\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EMeasures change since the previous evaluation; needs two evaluations and reports a delta, not a state\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDistribution shift\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EAVG, MEDIAN, STDDEV, APPROX_QUANTILE_99\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ERecord without an expectation; MEDIAN is exact, APPROX_QUANTILE_50 is cheaper\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EText truncation\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESTRING_LENGTH_MIN/AVG/MAX\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EThe quickest way to catch a truncation regression\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT\n    ON ();\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis association records changes without judging them. At the time of writing, giving SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT an expectation makes SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS fail with a syntax error for the whole table, and the persisting form silently record nothing, so read schema changes from the monitoring results instead.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EStatistics metrics measure shape rather than validity:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)                AS MEAN_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.MEDIAN(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)             AS MEDIAN_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.STDDEV(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)             AS SPREAD_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.APPROX_QUANTILE_99(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS P99_TEMP;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EMEAN_TEMP\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EMEDIAN_TEMP\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003ESPREAD_TEMP\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EP99_TEMP\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E6.235\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E4.2\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E5.836\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E13.343\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMean well above median, with a spread as large as the mean, is the signature of a mixed population: chilled sites and a freezer pooled in one table. Rather than inventing a threshold, attach the metric without an expectation to build history. It will not appear in SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS output:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG\n    ON (TEMPERATURE_C);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EScoping Checks\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERules rarely apply to a whole table, and fleet-wide numbers hide per-device failures.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFILTER scopes a check to a subset of rows. A negative battery level is impossible, except that readings flagged BATT_UNKNOWN deliberately carry -1 as a sentinel. Unfiltered, the rule fails on reading 1018 forever:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT(SELECT BATTERY_PCT FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS NEGATIVE_BATTERY;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EReturns 1. Excluding the sentinel rows by definition, rather than loosening the threshold to tolerate them:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT\n    ON (BATTERY_PCT)\n    FILTER (STATUS_CODE = 'OK')\n    EXPECTATION HEALTHY_DEVICES_REPORT_BATTERY (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EScheduled evaluations apply the filter, so this measures 0 and passes, and would still catch a -1 from a device that claims to be healthy. FILTER comes after the column and before the expectation, and takes multiple conditions. To change or clear the filter later, modify the association rather than adding the metric again:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT\n    ON (BATTERY_PCT)\n    FILTER (STATUS_CODE = 'OK');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAt the time of writing, on-demand evaluation does not apply the filter: SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS reports HEALTHY_DEVICES_REPORT_BATTERY at 1, the unfiltered count. Judge a filtered check by its scheduled results.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENeed\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EClause\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENotes\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECheck a subset of rows\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EFILTER (condition)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESee \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-filter\"\u003EApply data quality checks to a subset of rows\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESame metric per group, one association\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EWITHIN GROUP (columns)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EResults carry GROUP_BY_INFO; SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN accepts WITHIN_GROUP_VALUES\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EWide grouping\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EGROUP LIMIT (number)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBetween 1 and 1000; group by device or status, not by reading ID\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWITHIN GROUP computes the metric separately for each group from a single association, with no need for one association per group value. Here, every device must report humidity:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n    ON (HUMIDITY_PCT)\n    WITHIN GROUP (DEVICE_ID)\n    GROUP LIMIT 500\n    EXPECTATION EVERY_DEVICE_REPORTS_HUMIDITY (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EEvaluating now returns one row per device, each identified in GROUP_BY_VALUES. A grouped check raises at most one notification per evaluation, based on the worst group. WITHIN GROUP is not supported for FRESHNESS, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT, or schema-level associations, and it disables anomaly detection on that association.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESee \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-group-by\"\u003EApply data quality checks by group\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EWrite Your Own Check\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen no system metric fits, you can write a DMF: a SQL function that takes a table argument and returns a number. This one counts readings with humidity outside a plausible range:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE OR REPLACE DATA METRIC FUNCTION IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY(\n    ARG_T TABLE (ARG_HUMIDITY NUMBER)\n)\nRETURNS NUMBER\nAS\n$$\n    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ARG_T WHERE ARG_HUMIDITY &lt; 0 OR ARG_HUMIDITY &gt; 100\n$$;\n\nSELECT IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY(SELECT HUMIDITY_PCT FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS OUT_OF_RANGE;\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY\n    ON (HUMIDITY_PCT)\n    EXPECTATION HUMIDITY_IN_RANGE (VALUE = 0);\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe direct call returns 0. Calling a custom metric directly before attaching it is worthwhile: column validation inside a TABLE(...) argument is weaker than for single-column metrics, so mistakes in multi-table signatures can surface only at evaluation time. Custom metrics can take more than one table argument, and can use SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE_TIME() for freshness rules the built-in cannot express. Check the catalog first: REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT and ACCEPTED_VALUES replace the two most commonly hand-rolled metrics. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-custom-dmfs\"\u003ECustom data metric functions\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003ECover a Whole Schema in One Statement\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EVolume and freshness apply to any table, so you can attach them at the schema level. Snowflake creates an association for every supported table-like object in the schema, including ones added later. Three metrics work this way: ROW_COUNT, FRESHNESS, and TABLE_SIZE_BYTES. TABLE_SIZE_BYTES covers tables only and does not support anomaly detection.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT ON ()\n    EXCLUDE_TABLE_TYPES = ('VIEW', 'MATERIALIZED_VIEW');\n\nALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS ON ();\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EZero-argument FRESHNESS skips views and external tables on its own. A schema's own schedule defaults to every 60 minutes and cannot be trigger-based; a table's schedule overrides it. The references tell schema-level from table-level associations; an association created at the schema level is detached at the schema level:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT REF_ENTITY_NAME, METRIC_NAME, LEVEL, EXCLUDE_TABLE_TYPES\nFROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES\nWHERE REF_DATABASE_NAME = 'DQ_EXAMPLES';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EACCOUNT_USAGE views lag, so new associations can take a few hours to appear here. One statement across two hundred tables creates two hundred scheduled evaluations, so the schema's schedule deserves thought:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESee \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-schema-level\"\u003EMonitor the data quality of a schema\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003ELet Snowflake Propose the Checks\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ECortex Data Quality reads a table's metadata and usage patterns and suggests checks. It runs inside Snowflake using AI_COMPLETE, so data does not leave the account, and it respects the caller's access control. This is Snowsight-only.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe role using it needs:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEXECUTE DATA METRIC FUNCTION\u003C/strong\u003E on the account, and the \u003Cstrong\u003ESNOWFLAKE.DATA_METRIC_USER\u003C/strong\u003E database role.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER database role\u003C/strong\u003E, granted to PUBLIC by default.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAccess to the mistral-7b and llama3.1-8b models.\u003C/strong\u003E Model access is governed by model role-based access control. By default, the CORTEX-MODEL-ROLE-ALL application role is granted to SNOWFLAKE.PUBLIC, so every role can use every model and suggestions work out of the box. If an administrator has restricted model access, the role needs the application roles for those two models. The data quality setup page still describes this requirement in terms of the CORTEX_MODELS_ALLOWLIST parameter, which is being deprecated in favor of model access control. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-cortex/aisql-privileges-and-access\"\u003EModel access control\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo see which model roles PUBLIC holds:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESHOW GRANTS TO APPLICATION ROLE SNOWFLAKE.PUBLIC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESuggestions start from the table's \u003Cstrong\u003EData quality\u003C/strong\u003E tab: choose \u003Cstrong\u003EGenerate with Cortex Data Quality\u003C/strong\u003E, which is a button on a table with no checks yet and an option under \u003Cstrong\u003EAdd quality check\u003C/strong\u003E once it has some.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/add_check_menu.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The Add quality check menu, offering Generate with Cortex Data Quality and Setup manually\"\u003E Expected values can be edited before accepting; an accepted suggestion is a real, billed, scheduled check. Generating suggestions is billed separately, as AI Services, plus the warehouse that runs Snowsight.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/suggested_checks.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"Cortex suggested data quality checks for SENSOR_READINGS, each with an expected result and a reason\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESuggestions are a first draft: the model sees metadata and usage, not your business rules, so review each one before accepting it.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAccess is controlled through CORTEX_USER, which is not specific to data quality: revoking it from PUBLIC removes \u003Cstrong\u003Eevery\u003C/strong\u003E Snowflake Cortex feature from users who received it through PUBLIC. To restrict suggestions, an administrator revokes it and then grants it back to the roles that should keep Cortex:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nREVOKE DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER FROM ROLE PUBLIC;\n\nCREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\nGRANT DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER TO ROLE CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003ELet Snowflake Learn Normal\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe right row count for a Tuesday is not the right row count for a bank holiday. Anomaly detection learns the pattern from history and flags departures from it. It is available on ROW_COUNT and FRESHNESS. It can be switched on when a metric is added, by including ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE in the ADD statement, or on an existing association. Here it goes on the ROW_COUNT association from \u003Cem\u003EVolume, Drift and Distribution\u003C/em\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT ON ()\n    SET ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBefore it flags anything, the algorithm needs a \u003Cstrong\u003Etraining period\u003C/strong\u003E: at least two weeks of measurements for a metric that runs frequently, or at least two data points for one that runs infrequently or on a trigger. Until then, the references report TRAINING_IN_PROGRESS:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT METRIC_NAME, ANOMALY_DETECTION_STATUS\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =&gt; 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =&gt; 'table'))\nWHERE METRIC_NAME = 'ROW_COUNT';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDetection runs on the measurements the association's schedule produces, so the schedule decides how quickly history accumulates. SENSITIVITY ('LOW', 'MEDIUM' or 'HIGH', default MEDIUM) trades false positives against missed anomalies, and is set with MODIFY in the same way. Anomaly detection is also available at the schema level, by adding ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE to the schema-level ADD. Expectations suit rules true by definition; anomaly detection suits quantities with a normal range you could not write down. See \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-anomaly\"\u003EDetecting anomalies in data quality\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/anomaly_baseline.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The ROW_COUNT check under Volume, establishing its baseline during the training period\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EFind the Bad Rows\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN returns the records that fail an attached check, ready to quarantine or send back to the source team. This one uses the referential-integrity check from \u003Cem\u003EIntegrity and Uniqueness\u003C/em\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME =&gt; 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    METRIC_NAME     =&gt; 'SNOWFLAKE.CORE.REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT',\n    ARGUMENT_NAME   =&gt; 'DEVICE_ID'));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIt returns one row, reading 1017, with all nine columns; the four that matter here:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003EREADING_ID\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDEVICE_ID\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003ETEMPERATURE_C\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESTATUS_CODE\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E1017\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EDEV-9999\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: right\"\u003E5.20\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EOK\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor ACCEPTED_VALUES, the same Boolean expression goes in ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME      =&gt; 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    METRIC_NAME          =&gt; 'SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ACCEPTED_VALUES',\n    ARGUMENT_NAME        =&gt; 'STATUS_CODE',\n    ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION  =&gt; 'STATUS_CODE IN (''OK'', ''WARN'')'));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThat returns reading 1018. AT_TIMESTAMP scans the table as of a point in time, and WITHIN_GROUP_VALUES narrows a grouped association to one group.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMeasurements live in SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_RESULTS (shown in \u003Cem\u003EVolume, Drift and Distribution\u003C/em\u003E); there is no ACCOUNT_USAGE version. For &quot;what is failing&quot;, read verdicts directly rather than joining measurements to expectation definitions:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT MEASUREMENT_TIME, METRIC_NAME, EXPECTATION_NAME, VALUE, EXPECTATION_VIOLATED\nFROM SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_EXPECTATION_STATUS\nWHERE TABLE_DATABASE = 'DQ_EXAMPLES'\n  AND TABLE_SCHEMA   = 'PUBLIC'\n  AND TABLE_NAME     = 'SENSOR_READINGS'\nORDER BY MEASUREMENT_TIME DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis returns rows only once an evaluation has been recorded, by the schedule or by the persisting evaluation shown in \u003Cem\u003EAnatomy of a Check\u003C/em\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn Snowsight, the table's \u003Cstrong\u003EData quality\u003C/strong\u003E tab shows the same, and the account-wide monitoring dashboard (preview) rolls it up across databases. \u003Cstrong\u003EImpacted Assets\u003C/strong\u003E on the table's page shows what reads from it.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOn a check's side panel, \u003Cstrong\u003EView failed records\u003C/strong\u003E opens a new SQL file in your workspace containing the SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN query for that check, ready to run or adapt.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/dq_dashboard.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The account-wide data quality monitoring dashboard, listing failed expectations on SENSOR_READINGS\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESee \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-fixing\"\u003ERemediation of data quality issues\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-centralized-dashboard\"\u003EUsing the data quality monitoring dashboard\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EGet Told, Don't Watch\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA notification needs a destination: email, or a webhook for Slack and similar:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE NOTIFICATION INTEGRATION DQ_EMAIL_INT\n    TYPE = EMAIL\n    ENABLED = TRUE\n    ALLOWED_RECIPIENTS = ('you@example.com');\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SECRET SLACK_WEBHOOK_SECRET\n    TYPE = GENERIC_STRING\n    SECRET_STRING = 'T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX';\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE NOTIFICATION INTEGRATION DQ_SLACK_INT\n    TYPE = WEBHOOK\n    ENABLED = TRUE\n    WEBHOOK_URL = 'https://hooks.slack.com/services/SNOWFLAKE_WEBHOOK_SECRET'\n    WEBHOOK_SECRET = DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SLACK_WEBHOOK_SECRET\n    WEBHOOK_BODY_TEMPLATE = '{&quot;text&quot;: &quot;SNOWFLAKE_WEBHOOK_MESSAGE&quot;}'\n    WEBHOOK_HEADERS = ('Content-Type' = 'application/json');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe email recipients must be verified users in your account. Notifications are then switched on for the database, as YAML in a dollar-quoted string:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER DATABASE DQ_EXAMPLES SET DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_SETTINGS =\n$$\nnotification:\n  enabled: TRUE\n  email_recipients: [ 'you@example.com' ]\n  integrations:\n    - DQ_SLACK_INT\n  cooldown_hours: 24\n  metadata_included: TRUE\n$$;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EEach violated expectation then arrives as its own entry in a notification email:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/notification_email.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"A data quality notification email listing violated expectations on SENSOR_READINGS\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWithout cooldown_hours, an hourly check against a week-long violation sends 168 identical messages. metadata_included adds the table, metric and measured value. Settings apply \u003Cstrong\u003Eper database\u003C/strong\u003E, and a single association can opt out. Here it is the AVG association from \u003Cem\u003EVolume, Drift and Distribution\u003C/em\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n    SET DATA_QUALITY_NOTIFICATION = FALSE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EAn alert from a template\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENative notifications are settings on a database, not an object: there is nothing to schedule, scope to one table, pause or audit on its own. When you want those, create a Snowflake \u003Cstrong\u003Ealert\u003C/strong\u003E from the DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS template. The template supplies the condition, which reads expectation status, and the notification; you choose the scope, the schedule and the destination. Its variables, defaults and allowed values are listed here:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SYSTEM$GET_ALERT_TEMPLATE('DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS');\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis alert watches every expectation on SENSOR_READINGS and emails through the integration created above:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ECREATE OR ALTER ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT\n    FROM TEMPLATE DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS\n    WAREHOUSE = DQ_EXAMPLES_WH\n    SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE'\n    COMMENT = 'Emails when any expectation on SENSOR_READINGS is violated'\n    TEMPLATE_PARAMS = '{\n      &quot;template_variables&quot;: {\n        &quot;SCOPE_ACTIVE&quot;: &quot;TABLE&quot;,\n        &quot;SCOPE_DATABASE&quot;: &quot;DQ_EXAMPLES&quot;,\n        &quot;SCOPE_SCHEMA&quot;: &quot;PUBLIC&quot;,\n        &quot;SCOPE_TABLE&quot;: &quot;SENSOR_READINGS&quot;,\n        &quot;NOTIFICATION_MODE&quot;: &quot;EMAIL&quot;,\n        &quot;EMAIL_NOTIFICATION_INTEGRATION&quot;: &quot;DQ_EMAIL_INT&quot;\n      },\n      &quot;notification_config&quot;: {\n        &quot;notification_integration&quot;: &quot;DQ_EMAIL_INT&quot;,\n        &quot;email_config&quot;: { &quot;toAddress&quot;: [&quot;you@example.com&quot;] }\n      }\n    }';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor email, the integration goes in two places: EMAIL_NOTIFICATION_INTEGRATION, which the alert's action reads, and notification_config, which carries the recipients. EXPECTATION_NAMES narrows the alert to a comma-separated list, and NOTIFICATION_MODE also accepts WEBHOOK and IN_APP. The alert is created suspended. To test it without waiting, first record a verdict, so the expectation status has something recent:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS_PERSIST_RESULT('DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS'));\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe verdict takes a few seconds to reach the status. Then run the alert once:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EEXECUTE ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA minute later, check the run and the email:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT SCHEDULED_TIME, STATE, SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ALERT_HISTORY(\n    SCHEDULED_TIME_RANGE_START =&gt; DATEADD('HOUR', -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())))\nWHERE NAME = 'READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT'\nORDER BY SCHEDULED_TIME DESC;\n\nSELECT CREATED, STATUS, ERROR_MESSAGE\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.NOTIFICATION_HISTORY(\n    START_TIME =&gt; DATEADD('HOUR', -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),\n    INTEGRATION_NAME =&gt; 'DQ_EMAIL_INT'))\nORDER BY CREATED DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe alert should read TRIGGERED, because several expectations on SENSOR_READINGS are violated, and the email SUCCESS. The template's condition fires on any violation measured since its last successful run (on the first run, the past hour), whether recorded by the schedule or by the call above. ALTER ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT RESUME starts the hourly schedule.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/alert_email.png?v=6989d1d4\" alt=\"The email sent by READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT, listing violated expectations on SENSOR_READINGS\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe alert's owner role needs EXECUTE ALERT on the account, USAGE on the warehouse (or EXECUTE MANAGED ALERT for a serverless alert, which omits WAREHOUSE), USAGE on the email integration, and the SNOWFLAKE.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_VIEWER application role to read expectation status. Snowflake publishes templates for anomaly detection (DQ_ANOMALY_DETECTION) and for other products; SYSTEM$LIST_ALERT_TEMPLATES lists them.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESee \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-notifications\"\u003ESending notifications for data quality issues\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/alerts#label-alerts-create-from-template\"\u003ECreating an alert from a template with SQL\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EOperating Checks in Production\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhere to put your checks\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe best place to check is where the defect exists, not where it hurts. Reading 1017 would be dropped by a silver-layer inner join, so a gold check passes \u003Cem\u003Ebecause\u003C/em\u003E the bad row was discarded.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ELayer\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECheck for\u003C/th\u003E\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EWhy here\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBronze (raw)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ENulls, formats, duplicates, orphans, clock skew, volume, freshness\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EThe only place the defect still exists\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ESilver (conformed)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EReferential integrity, grain uniqueness, row counts against bronze\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EWhere joins and dedup happen, so where rows go missing\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EGold (serving)\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003EBusiness invariants and totals\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left\"\u003ECatches logic errors row-level checks cannot see\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EChecks as code\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor anything you intend to keep, checks can live in the same version-controlled definition as the table. Snowflake's declarative deployment model (DCM Projects) supports data metric functions and expectations as first-class definitions. Attaching a metric to a table you do not own needs an explicit executing role, and the deployment tooling can run every expectation as a \u003Cstrong\u003Etest step\u003C/strong\u003E, so a deployment fails when the data does not satisfy its own rules. A threshold change then shows up as a reviewable diff. For a worked example, with expectations declared with ATTACH DATA METRIC FUNCTION and run with TEST ALL as part of deployment, see \u003Ca href=\"https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/build-data-pipelines-with-snowflake-dcm-projects/\"\u003EBuild Data Pipelines with Snowflake DCM Projects\u003C/a\u003E. For the syntax, see the \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/dcm-projects/dcm-projects-files\"\u003EDCM Projects file reference\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EWhat It Costs\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EScheduled evaluations run on serverless compute and bill under the \u003Cstrong\u003EData Quality Monitoring\u003C/strong\u003E category. Cost scales with associations &times; evaluation frequency &times; work per evaluation; a schema-level attachment across two hundred tables on an hourly schedule is 4,800 evaluations a day. Collecting the results into the event table bills separately, as \u003Cstrong\u003ELogging\u003C/strong\u003E. Creating a metric and suspended schedules are not billed, and a direct call in a SELECT bills only the warehouse that runs it. Spend is visible here:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003ESELECT * FROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_USAGE_HISTORY\nORDER BY START_TIME DESC;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAcross an organization, METERING_DAILY_HISTORY carries the same spend with SERVICE_TYPE = 'DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING'. Costs stay low when cadence matches how fast you would act, TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES is used where evaluating on data arrival fits, and schedules are suspended with an empty string rather than UNSET. Alerts, like the template alert, bill their own warehouse each time they run.\u003C/p\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EClean Up\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf you tried the examples, dropping the database removes its tables, their associations, custom metrics, the secret, the alert, and the database's monitoring settings. The warehouse and the notification integrations live at account level and outlive the database:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES;\nDROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES_WH;\nDROP INTEGRATION IF EXISTS DQ_EMAIL_INT;\nDROP INTEGRATION IF EXISTS DQ_SLACK_INT;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETo keep the objects but stop the billing, suspend everything that runs on a schedule: the alert and the table and schema schedules.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EALTER ALERT DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT SUSPEND;\nALTER TABLE DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\nALTER TABLE DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS_V2 SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\nALTER SCHEMA DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf you revoked CORTEX_USER from PUBLIC in \u003Cem\u003ELet Snowflake Propose the Checks\u003C/em\u003E and want the default back:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003EUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nGRANT DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER TO ROLE PUBLIC;\nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n&lt;!-- ------------------------ --&gt;\n","\u003Ch2\u003EConclusion and Resources\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EData quality monitoring in Snowflake is a small vocabulary applied with judgment. A metric measures, an expectation judges, a schedule decides how often, and everything else is choosing well.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat to take away\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPick the metric from the column's shape.\u003C/strong\u003E The decision table in \u003Cem\u003EChoosing a Check\u003C/em\u003E is the whole method.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKnow which metrics can be called directly.\u003C/strong\u003E Column-argument metrics answer instantly in a SELECT; zero-argument ones must be attached.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOne association per metric and column.\u003C/strong\u003E Change a check with MODIFY; adding it again is not an update.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOne check is rarely enough.\u003C/strong\u003E Freshness alone was defeated by a single future-dated row.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECheck where the defect exists\u003C/strong\u003E, not where it hurts. Gold passing is not evidence.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScope with FILTER, don't loosen thresholds.\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAssert rules; learn ranges.\u003C/strong\u003E Expectations for what is true by definition, anomaly detection for normal ranges.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENotify with a cooldown\u003C/strong\u003E, or people will filter the alerts.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUse a template when you need an alert object.\u003C/strong\u003E It brings its own scope, schedule and history, without writing the condition yourself.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeep checks in code\u003C/strong\u003E, so a threshold change is reviewable.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EResources\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-intro\"\u003EIntroduction to data quality checks\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-system-dmfs\"\u003ESystem data metric functions\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-custom-dmfs\"\u003ECustom data metric functions\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working\"\u003EUse SQL to set up data quality checks\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-expectations\"\u003EUse SQL to work with expectations\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-filter\"\u003EApply data quality checks to a subset of rows\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-group-by\"\u003EApply data quality checks by group\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-schema-level\"\u003EMonitor the data quality of a schema\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-anomaly\"\u003EDetecting anomalies in data quality\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-notifications\"\u003ESending notifications for data quality issues\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-fixing\"\u003ERemediation of data quality issues\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-ui-setup\"\u003EUse Snowsight to set up data quality checks\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-centralized-dashboard\"\u003EUsing the data quality monitoring dashboard\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-access-control\"\u003EAccess control for data quality\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E"],"description":"","title":"Comprehensive Guide to Snowflake Data Quality Monitoring","isDeveloperGuidesPage":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/contentfragment",":items":{},":itemsOrder":[],"elementsOrder":["quickstartArticleBody","quickstartArticleLogoImage"],"elements":{"quickstartArticleBody":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Body","value":"\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Overview\n\nData quality problems rarely announce themselves. A device clock drifts and stamps readings two days into the future. An upstream system swaps a missing battery level for -1. A firmware release emits truncated JSON. Nothing errors, and the dashboards keep rendering, on data that is quietly wrong.\n\nSnowflake can check for these conditions natively, on a schedule, without moving data or standing up another tool. This guide explores what that makes possible.\n\n### How to use this guide\n\nStart with *The Example Data*, which creates everything the examples use. Each later section explores **one capability** and adds checks to the same table, so the sections are meant to be run in order; where a section relies on a check from an earlier one, it says so. Where something can be done both in SQL and in Snowsight, the section shows both. Profiling, AI-suggested checks, and the monitoring dashboard are Snowsight-only; everything else is shown in SQL.\n\n### What You'll Learn\n\n- How a check is assembled: metric, association, schedule, expectation, results\n- Which system data metric function to reach for, given a column's shape\n- Completeness, validity, timeliness, integrity, volume, drift and distribution checks\n- How to scope a check with FILTER or compute it per group with WITHIN GROUP\n- How to write a custom metric, cover a whole schema, and let Snowflake suggest checks and learn normal ranges\n- How to find the offending rows, get notified natively or through an alert created from a template\n- Where to place checks, how to keep them in code, and what monitoring costs\n\n### What You'll Build\n\nA set of quality checks on a small IoT sensor telemetry dataset: system and custom metrics, expectations, scoped and grouped checks, schema-level coverage, anomaly detection, and notifications that fire when a check fails.\n\n### What You'll Need\n\n- A Snowflake account on **Enterprise Edition or higher**. Data Quality Monitoring is not available on Standard Edition or on [trial accounts](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-intro#label-data-quality-limitations).\n- A role that can create a database and a warehouse, and that holds:\n  - EXECUTE DATA METRIC FUNCTION on the account, to attach and schedule metrics\n  - MANAGE DATA QUALITY on the account, for schema-level checks and notifications\n  - EXECUTE ALERT on the account, for the template alert in *Get Told, Don't Watch*\n  - CREATE INTEGRATION on the account, for *Get Told, Don't Watch*\n\n  ACCOUNTADMIN holds all of these. See [Access control for data quality](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-access-control).\n- Familiarity with running SQL in a Snowsight worksheet.\n\n### Use Cortex Code with this guide\n\nWith Cortex Code, the /data-quality skill can apply these workflows to your own tables: recommending metrics, scoring schema health, and investigating violations.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## The Example Data\n\nThe examples use a small IoT dataset. Refrigerated sites report temperature and humidity from battery-powered sensors; readings land in a raw table keyed to a device inventory, with **deliberate defects** for the checks to find. Timestamps are relative to the current time.\n\n```sql\nCREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES;\nUSE DATABASE DQ_EXAMPLES;\nUSE SCHEMA PUBLIC;\n\nCREATE WAREHOUSE IF NOT EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES_WH\n    WAREHOUSE_SIZE = XSMALL\n    AUTO_SUSPEND = 60\n    INITIALLY_SUSPENDED = TRUE;\nUSE WAREHOUSE DQ_EXAMPLES_WH;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SITES (\n    SITE_ID   VARCHAR(10),\n    SITE_NAME VARCHAR(100),\n    REGION    VARCHAR(50)\n);\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE DEVICES (\n    DEVICE_ID    VARCHAR(20),\n    SITE_ID      VARCHAR(10),\n    MODEL        VARCHAR(50),\n    INSTALLED_ON DATE,\n    LABEL        VARCHAR(100)\n);\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SENSOR_READINGS (\n    READING_ID    NUMBER(10,0),\n    DEVICE_ID     VARCHAR(20),\n    READING_TS    TIMESTAMP_LTZ,\n    INGESTED_AT   TIMESTAMP_LTZ,\n    TEMPERATURE_C NUMBER(5,2),\n    HUMIDITY_PCT  NUMBER(5,2),\n    BATTERY_PCT   NUMBER(5,2),\n    PAYLOAD       VARCHAR(500),\n    STATUS_CODE   VARCHAR(20)\n);\n\nINSERT INTO SITES (SITE_ID, SITE_NAME, REGION) VALUES\n    ('SITE-01', 'Rotterdam Cold Store',  'EMEA'),\n    ('SITE-02', 'Dublin Distribution',   'EMEA'),\n    ('SITE-03', 'Singapore Transit Hub', 'APAC');\n\nINSERT INTO DEVICES (DEVICE_ID, SITE_ID, MODEL, INSTALLED_ON, LABEL) VALUES\n    ('DEV-1001', 'SITE-01', 'TH-200',  '2025-03-14', 'Cold aisle A'),\n    ('DEV-1002', 'SITE-01', 'TH-200',  '2025-03-14', 'Cold aisle B'),\n    ('DEV-1003', 'SITE-02', 'TH-350',  '2025-07-02', '  Loading bay 1  '),\n    ('DEV-1004', 'SITE-02', 'TH-350',  '2025-07-02', 'Loading bay 2'),\n    ('DEV-1005', 'SITE-03', 'TH-350X', '2026-01-20', 'Transit chiller');\n\nINSERT INTO SENSOR_READINGS\n    (READING_ID, DEVICE_ID, READING_TS, INGESTED_AT, TEMPERATURE_C, HUMIDITY_PCT, BATTERY_PCT, PAYLOAD, STATUS_CODE)\nSELECT 1001, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -9, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -9, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.90, 61.20, 98.00, '{\"rssi\":-71,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1002, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  4.10, 60.80, 97.50, '{\"rssi\":-70,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1003, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -8, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.40, 63.10, 91.00, '{\"rssi\":-77,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1004, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.60, 62.40, 90.50, '{\"rssi\":-76,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1005, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -7, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.80, 48.90, 76.00, '{\"rssi\":-65,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1006, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.10, 47.60, 75.50, '{\"rssi\":-66,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1007, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -6, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 11.90, 50.20, 88.00, '{\"rssi\":-69,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1008, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.20, 49.70, 87.50, '{\"rssi\":-68,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1009, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -5, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -2.40, 55.30, 64.00, '{\"rssi\":-81,\"fw\":\"2.4.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1010, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -2.10, 54.80, 63.50, '{\"rssi\":-80,\"fw\":\"2.4.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1011, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -4, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  4.30, 60.10, 96.00, '{\"rssi\":-72,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1012, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.80, 61.90, 89.00, '{\"rssi\":-75,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1013, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -3, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.40, 46.80, 74.00, '{\"rssi\":-64,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1014, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.50, 49.10, 86.50, '{\"rssi\":-67,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1015, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -1.90, 54.20, 62.50, '{\"rssi\":-79,\"fw\":\"2.4.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1015, 'DEV-1005', DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), -1.90, 54.20, 62.50, '{\"rssi\":-79,\"fw\":\"2.4.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1016, 'DEV-1001', DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), NULL,  59.70, 95.50, '{\"rssi\":-73,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1017, 'DEV-9999', DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(HOUR, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  5.20, 58.30, 80.00, '{\"rssi\":-74,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1018, 'DEV-1003', DATEADD(MINUTE, -30, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -30, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 13.00, 47.10, -1.00, '{\"rssi\":-63,\"fw\":\"2.4.0\"}', 'BATT_UNKNOWN'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1019, 'DEV-1004', DATEADD(MINUTE, -20, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -20, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), 12.10, 49.40, 86.00, '{\"rssi\":-67,\"fw\":', 'OK'\nUNION ALL SELECT 1020, 'DEV-1002', DATEADD(DAY, 2, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()), DATEADD(MINUTE, -10, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),  3.70, 62.00, 88.50, '{\"rssi\":-75,\"fw\":\"2.3.1\"}', 'OK';\n```\n\nThat is 21 rows across 5 devices and 3 sites. The timestamp columns are TIMESTAMP_LTZ on purpose: metrics that compare against the evaluation time (FRESHNESS and FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT) accept DATE, TIMESTAMP_LTZ and TIMESTAMP_TZ, but **not TIMESTAMP_NTZ**, Snowflake's default timestamp type.\n\n### The defects, named openly\n\n| Reading | Problem | The check that finds it |\n|:--------|:--------|:------------------------|\n| 1016 | TEMPERATURE_C is NULL | NULL_COUNT |\n| 1020 | READING_TS is two days in the future (device clock skew) | FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT |\n| 1019 | PAYLOAD is truncated and not valid JSON | INVALID_JSON_COUNT |\n| 1018 | BATTERY_PCT is -1, a sentinel for \"unknown\"; STATUS_CODE is BATT_UNKNOWN | NEGATIVE_COUNT, ACCEPTED_VALUES |\n| 1015 | Appears twice (duplicated on ingest) | DUPLICATE_COUNT |\n| 1017 | DEVICE_ID is DEV-9999, which is not in DEVICES | REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT |\n| DEVICES DEV-1003 | LABEL has leading and trailing spaces | UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT |\n\nTEMPERATURE_C legitimately goes negative: DEV-1005 is a freezer. That is why the negative-value check targets BATTERY_PCT, not temperature.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Anatomy of a Check\n\nA check has five parts:\n\n1. A **data metric function (DMF)** measures something and returns a number. It makes no judgment.\n2. An **association** attaches the DMF to a table and column.\n3. A **schedule**, set on the table, governs how often every attached metric runs.\n4. An **expectation** turns the number into a verdict. A metric without one is measured but never judged.\n5. **Results** land in monitoring views you query or read in Snowsight.\n\nThis is the model the rest of the guide builds on. To set a schedule, then attach a metric with an expectation:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n    ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n    EXPECTATION MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nEach metric, table and column combination can have **only one association**. Adding the same combination again, even with a different filter or grouping, returns an error that points to MODIFY; to change a check, modify it, or drop and re-add it.\n\nOn a new table, you can declare checks in CREATE TABLE, after the column list, so the table and its guarantees arrive together. The bindings go inside parentheses, separated by commas; see [Use SQL to set up data quality checks](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working) for the full syntax.\n\n```sql\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE SENSOR_READINGS_V2 (\n    READING_ID    NUMBER(10,0),\n    TEMPERATURE_C NUMBER(5,2)\n)\nWITH DATA METRIC FUNCTION (\n    SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n        ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n        EXPECTATION MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE (VALUE = 0)\n);\n```\n\n### Direct calls versus attached metrics\n\nMetrics that **take a column argument** can be called directly in a SELECT, immediately and without a schedule. A direct call is not billed as Data Quality Monitoring; it runs on your warehouse like any other query:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS MISSING_TEMPERATURE;\n```\n\nReturns 1. Metrics that **take no column argument** (ROW_COUNT, SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT, FRESHNESS with no column, multi-column DUPLICATE_COUNT), and ACCEPTED_VALUES, work only once attached.\n\n### Evaluating expectations now\n\nYou can evaluate every expectation on a table without waiting for the schedule:\n\n```sql\nSELECT METRIC_NAME, EXPECTATION_NAME, EXPECTATION_EXPRESSION, VALUE, EXPECTATION_VIOLATED\nFROM TABLE(SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS('SENSOR_READINGS'));\n```\n\n| METRIC_NAME | EXPECTATION_NAME | EXPECTATION_EXPRESSION | VALUE | EXPECTATION_VIOLATED |\n|:------------|:-----------------|:-----------------------|------:|:---------------------|\n| NULL_COUNT | MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE | VALUE = 0 | 1 | TRUE |\n\nThis form returns a result without recording it. SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS_PERSIST_RESULT also writes it to monitoring history, which anything reading DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_EXPECTATION_STATUS, such as an alert or your own queries, depends on. The Snowsight Monitoring page is different: it reports a check as not run yet until its first scheduled evaluation. Pass it the fully qualified table name: at the time of writing, with a bare name it returns the same result but records nothing, so an alert reading the status finds no violation.\n\n### In Snowsight\n\nThe same check can be added from the table's **Data quality** tab. On a table with no checks yet, choose **Set up manually**, pick a check type such as **Nulls**, then a column and the expected value. A check created in Snowsight is visible to SQL and vice versa, but Snowsight names the expectation for you, here EXP__TEMPERATURE_C__NONULLS rather than MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE. See [Use Snowsight to set up data quality checks](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-ui-setup).\n\n![The quality check types offered when setting up a check in Snowsight](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/quality_check_types.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\n![A Nulls check expecting a count of 0 nulls in TEMPERATURE_C](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/add_null_check.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\n### Scheduling options\n\nThe schedule belongs to the table, not to a metric: every metric attached to a table runs on that table's schedule. There are three kinds. These are alternatives, not steps: the examples in this guide assume the daily '1440 MINUTE' schedule shown above.\n\n```sql\n-- Fixed interval: 5, 15, 30, 60, 720, or 1440 minutes\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE';\n\n-- Cron: here, 08:00 UTC on weekdays\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = 'USING CRON 0 8 * * MON-FRI UTC';\n\n-- On change: whenever DML modifies the table\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = 'TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES';\n```\n\nThe right interval matches how fast you would act. TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES suits tables loaded in batches; it works on regular, transient, temporary, dynamic, external and Iceberg tables but **not on views**, and reclustering does not trigger it. Cron runs in the time zone named in the expression, and a run is skipped if the previous one has not finished. See [Schedule the DMF to run](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working).\n\nTo pause evaluations while keeping checks attached, set the schedule to an empty string:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\n```\n\nUNSET is a trap: it reverts the table to the **default hourly** cadence, which multiplies a daily table's evaluations by twenty-four. The references show the current schedule; a blank SCHEDULE means suspended:\n\n```sql\nSELECT METRIC_NAME, SCHEDULE, SCHEDULE_STATUS\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =\u003E 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =\u003E 'table'));\n```\n\nIf you tried the alternatives, restore the daily schedule before continuing:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n```\n\n![The Monitoring view of SENSOR_READINGS, showing failing checks and the Freshness, Volume and Schema quality dimensions](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/monitoring_overview.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Profile Before You Check\n\nBefore writing rules, look at the data. In Snowsight, open **DQ_EXAMPLES » PUBLIC » SENSOR_READINGS**, go to the **Data quality** tab and switch to **Data Profile** to see per-column statistics. This view is Snowsight-only.\n\n![The data profile of SENSOR_READINGS, showing one null in TEMPERATURE_C and a BATTERY_PCT minimum of -1](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/data_profile.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\nTwo things stand out: TEMPERATURE_C has a non-zero null share, and BATTERY_PCT has a minimum of -1. The scripted equivalent:\n\n```sql\nSELECT COUNT(*)                                            AS TOTAL_ROWS,\n       COUNT(*) - COUNT(TEMPERATURE_C)                      AS MISSING_TEMPERATURE,\n       MIN(BATTERY_PCT)                                     AS LOWEST_BATTERY,\n       COUNT(DISTINCT DEVICE_ID)                            AS DEVICES_REPORTING,\n       MAX(READING_TS)                                      AS LATEST_READING\nFROM SENSOR_READINGS;\n```\n\nProfiling tells you what is unusual, not what is *wrong*; that judgment is yours.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Choosing a Check\n\nSnowflake's system metrics live in SNOWFLAKE.CORE: more than 185 of them, grouped into categories. Start from the category that matches the column, then pick a metric:\n\n| Category | Catches | Examples |\n|:-----------------------|:--------|:---------|\n| Completeness | Missing or empty values | NULL_COUNT, BLANK_COUNT, EMPTY_STRING_COUNT |\n| Validity | Values that break a format or rule | ACCEPTED_VALUES, INVALID_JSON_COUNT, FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT |\n| Consistency | Formatting regressions in text | UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT, CASE_FORMAT_VIOLATION_COUNT |\n| Uniqueness | Double ingestion, broken grain | DUPLICATE_COUNT, UNIQUE_COUNT |\n| Freshness | Stalled pipelines | FRESHNESS |\n| Volume | Tables that stop growing or collapse | ROW_COUNT, TABLE_SIZE_BYTES |\n| Schema | Columns added, dropped, renamed, retyped | SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT |\n| Statistics | Drift no single row reveals; sentinel values | AVG, STDDEV, APPROX_QUANTILE_50, NEGATIVE_COUNT |\n| Outliers | Values far outside the column's range | OUTLIER_IQR_COUNT, EXTREME_OUTLIER_ZSCORE_COUNT |\n| Machine Learning | Model predictions drifting from actuals | ACCURACY, MAPE, R_SQUARED |\n\nMost metrics come in a _COUNT and a _PERCENT form: _COUNT suits cases where any occurrence is a defect, and _PERCENT cases where proportion matters in a table whose size varies. For the current list, see [System data metric functions](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-system-dmfs).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Completeness and Validity\n\nEvery reading should carry a temperature (reading 1016 does not), a parseable payload (1019 does not), and a known status code (1018 does not). The column-argument metrics can be measured directly:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_PERCENT(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS MISSING_PCT,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.INVALID_JSON_COUNT(SELECT PAYLOAD FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS BAD_PAYLOADS,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT(SELECT LABEL FROM DEVICES)       AS PADDED_LABELS;\n```\n\n| MISSING_PCT | BAD_PAYLOADS | PADDED_LABELS |\n|------------:|-------------:|--------------:|\n| 4.761900 | 1 | 1 |\n\nOne row in twenty-one has no temperature. The count form expresses a rule (\"never\"); the percentage form, a tolerance (\"under 1%\"). MUST_HAVE_TEMPERATURE from *Anatomy of a Check* is already the rule for temperature; the payload rule attaches the same way:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.INVALID_JSON_COUNT\n    ON (PAYLOAD)\n    EXPECTATION PAYLOAD_IS_JSON (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\n| Case | DMF | Notes |\n|:-----|:----|:------|\n| Missing values | NULL_COUNT, NULL_PERCENT | Count for a rule, percent for a tolerance |\n| Malformed JSON | INVALID_JSON_COUNT | Tests TRY_PARSE_JSON; NULLs are not counted as invalid |\n| Text that will fail a numeric cast | INVALID_NUMERIC_TYPE_CAST_COUNT | Attach to staging columns you plan to cast |\n| Sentinel or impossible numbers | NEGATIVE_COUNT, ZERO_COUNT | Apply only where the value is genuinely impossible; see *Scoping Checks* |\n| Empty or padded strings | BLANK_COUNT, UNTRIMMED_STRING_COUNT | Finds the DEV-1003 label in DEVICES |\n| Value outside a known set | ACCEPTED_VALUES | Takes a lambda; must be attached |\n\nACCEPTED_VALUES is the one pattern that differs. It takes a Boolean lambda and counts the rows that fail it:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ACCEPTED_VALUES\n    ON (STATUS_CODE, STATUS_CODE -\u003E STATUS_CODE IN ('OK', 'WARN'))\n    EXPECTATION STATUS_IS_KNOWN (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nEvaluating now with SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS shows STATUS_IS_KNOWN at 1 (reading 1018) and saves you writing a custom value-in-list metric.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Timeliness\n\nFRESHNESS returns the seconds between the newest value in a timestamp column and the moment the check ran:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS(SELECT READING_TS FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS STALENESS_SECONDS;\n```\n\nOn the example data this returns something like -172700, which is **negative**. Reading 1020 is stamped two days ahead, so freshness reports data that has not happened yet, and an expectation like VALUE \u003C 3600 would pass while the pipeline was dead. **A freshness check alone can be defeated by one bad timestamp.** Paired with a clock-skew check, it cannot be fooled:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS\n    ON (READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION READINGS_ARE_RECENT (VALUE \u003C 600);\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT\n    ON (READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION NO_SKEWED_READINGS (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\n| Case | Approach |\n|:-----|:---------|\n| Is the *data* current? | FRESHNESS on a timestamp column |\n| Did the *pipeline* run? | FRESHNESS with ON (), which measures the last DML against the table |\n| Is any row dated in the future? | FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT; prefer the count over FUTURE_TIMESTAMP_PERCENT |\n| Business hours, per-source SLAs | A custom metric using SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE_TIME(); see *Write Your Own Check* |\n\nFUTURE_TIMESTAMP_COUNT compares against the evaluation time, so a row that passes today can fail on a rerun of history. That is correct: a backfill dated next Tuesday is wrong on both days.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Integrity and Uniqueness\n\nReading 1017 reports device DEV-9999, which is not in DEVICES; joins silently drop it. REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT replaces a hand-written NOT IN check. The second argument names the parent table and its matching column:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT\n    ON (DEVICE_ID, TABLE(DEVICES(DEVICE_ID)))\n    EXPECTATION NO_ORPHAN_READINGS (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nFor compound keys, the columns are listed in matching order on both sides. *Find the Bad Rows* shows how to retrieve reading 1017 itself.\n\nReading 1015 was ingested twice:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT(SELECT READING_ID FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS DUPLICATED_VALUES,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.UNIQUE_COUNT(SELECT READING_ID FROM SENSOR_READINGS)    AS DISTINCT_VALUES;\n```\n\nReturns 1 and 20. DUPLICATE_COUNT is the number of *values that have duplicates*, not excess rows; UNIQUE_COUNT is the number of *distinct* values, not values occurring once.\n\n| Case | Approach |\n|:-----|:---------|\n| Single-column key | DUPLICATE_COUNT ON (READING_ID) with VALUE = 0 |\n| Grain is a column combination | DUPLICATE_COUNT on a column list; must be attached |\n| Orphaned foreign keys | REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT |\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT\n    ON (READING_ID)\n    EXPECTATION READING_ID_IS_UNIQUE (VALUE = 0);\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DUPLICATE_COUNT\n    ON (DEVICE_ID, READING_TS)\n    EXPECTATION ONE_READING_PER_DEVICE_PER_TIMESTAMP (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nBoth measure 1: reading 1015's two copies share a reading ID and a device-and-timestamp pair. NULLs count as a value, so a nullable key reports duplicates once two rows are both NULL.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Volume, Drift and Distribution\n\nSome failures are not bad rows: good data stops arriving, a column is renamed upstream, or a sensor recalibrated to Fahrenheit produces individually plausible readings with a shifted distribution.\n\nROW_COUNT takes no column, so you attach it and read the measurement once an evaluation has run. *Let Snowflake Learn Normal* builds on this association:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT\n    ON ()\n    EXPECTATION ENOUGH_READINGS (VALUE \u003E 15);\n\nSELECT MEASUREMENT_TIME, TABLE_NAME, METRIC_NAME, VALUE\nFROM TABLE(SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_RESULTS(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =\u003E 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =\u003E 'TABLE'))\nWHERE METRIC_NAME = 'ROW_COUNT'\nORDER BY MEASUREMENT_TIME DESC;\n```\n\nUntil the first scheduled run, the query returns no rows; evaluating now reports ENOUGH_READINGS at 21. A fixed floor like VALUE \u003E 15 cannot express \"less than usual\"; anomaly detection can.\n\n| Case | Approach | Notes |\n|:-----|:---------|:------|\n| Volume collapse | ROW_COUNT ON () | Prefer anomaly detection over a fixed floor |\n| Schema drift | SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT ON () | Measures change since the previous evaluation; needs two evaluations and reports a delta, not a state |\n| Distribution shift | AVG, MEDIAN, STDDEV, APPROX_QUANTILE_99 | Record without an expectation; MEDIAN is exact, APPROX_QUANTILE_50 is cheaper |\n| Text truncation | STRING_LENGTH_MIN/AVG/MAX | The quickest way to catch a truncation regression |\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT\n    ON ();\n```\n\nThis association records changes without judging them. At the time of writing, giving SCHEMA_CHANGE_COUNT an expectation makes SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS fail with a syntax error for the whole table, and the persisting form silently record nothing, so read schema changes from the monitoring results instead.\n\nStatistics metrics measure shape rather than validity:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)                AS MEAN_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.MEDIAN(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)             AS MEDIAN_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.STDDEV(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS)             AS SPREAD_TEMP,\n       SNOWFLAKE.CORE.APPROX_QUANTILE_99(SELECT TEMPERATURE_C FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS P99_TEMP;\n```\n\n| MEAN_TEMP | MEDIAN_TEMP | SPREAD_TEMP | P99_TEMP |\n|----------:|------------:|------------:|---------:|\n| 6.235 | 4.2 | 5.836 | 13.343 |\n\nMean well above median, with a spread as large as the mean, is the signature of a mixed population: chilled sites and a freezer pooled in one table. Rather than inventing a threshold, attach the metric without an expectation to build history. It will not appear in SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS output:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG\n    ON (TEMPERATURE_C);\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Scoping Checks\n\nRules rarely apply to a whole table, and fleet-wide numbers hide per-device failures.\n\nFILTER scopes a check to a subset of rows. A negative battery level is impossible, except that readings flagged BATT_UNKNOWN deliberately carry -1 as a sentinel. Unfiltered, the rule fails on reading 1018 forever:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT(SELECT BATTERY_PCT FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS NEGATIVE_BATTERY;\n```\n\nReturns 1. Excluding the sentinel rows by definition, rather than loosening the threshold to tolerate them:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT\n    ON (BATTERY_PCT)\n    FILTER (STATUS_CODE = 'OK')\n    EXPECTATION HEALTHY_DEVICES_REPORT_BATTERY (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nScheduled evaluations apply the filter, so this measures 0 and passes, and would still catch a -1 from a device that claims to be healthy. FILTER comes after the column and before the expectation, and takes multiple conditions. To change or clear the filter later, modify the association rather than adding the metric again:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NEGATIVE_COUNT\n    ON (BATTERY_PCT)\n    FILTER (STATUS_CODE = 'OK');\n```\n\nAt the time of writing, on-demand evaluation does not apply the filter: SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS reports HEALTHY_DEVICES_REPORT_BATTERY at 1, the unfiltered count. Judge a filtered check by its scheduled results.\n\n| Need | Clause | Notes |\n|:-----|:-------|:------|\n| Check a subset of rows | FILTER (condition) | See [Apply data quality checks to a subset of rows](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-filter) |\n| Same metric per group, one association | WITHIN GROUP (columns) | Results carry GROUP_BY_INFO; SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN accepts WITHIN_GROUP_VALUES |\n| Wide grouping | GROUP LIMIT (number) | Between 1 and 1000; group by device or status, not by reading ID |\n\nWITHIN GROUP computes the metric separately for each group from a single association, with no need for one association per group value. Here, every device must report humidity:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.NULL_COUNT\n    ON (HUMIDITY_PCT)\n    WITHIN GROUP (DEVICE_ID)\n    GROUP LIMIT 500\n    EXPECTATION EVERY_DEVICE_REPORTS_HUMIDITY (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nEvaluating now returns one row per device, each identified in GROUP_BY_VALUES. A grouped check raises at most one notification per evaluation, based on the worst group. WITHIN GROUP is not supported for FRESHNESS, REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT, or schema-level associations, and it disables anomaly detection on that association.\n\nSee [Apply data quality checks by group](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-group-by).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Write Your Own Check\n\nWhen no system metric fits, you can write a DMF: a SQL function that takes a table argument and returns a number. This one counts readings with humidity outside a plausible range:\n\n```sql\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATA METRIC FUNCTION IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY(\n    ARG_T TABLE (ARG_HUMIDITY NUMBER)\n)\nRETURNS NUMBER\nAS\n$$\n    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ARG_T WHERE ARG_HUMIDITY \u003C 0 OR ARG_HUMIDITY \u003E 100\n$$;\n\nSELECT IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY(SELECT HUMIDITY_PCT FROM SENSOR_READINGS) AS OUT_OF_RANGE;\n\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION IMPLAUSIBLE_HUMIDITY\n    ON (HUMIDITY_PCT)\n    EXPECTATION HUMIDITY_IN_RANGE (VALUE = 0);\n```\n\nThe direct call returns 0. Calling a custom metric directly before attaching it is worthwhile: column validation inside a TABLE(...) argument is weaker than for single-column metrics, so mistakes in multi-table signatures can surface only at evaluation time. Custom metrics can take more than one table argument, and can use SNOWFLAKE.CORE.DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE_TIME() for freshness rules the built-in cannot express. Check the catalog first: REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT and ACCEPTED_VALUES replace the two most commonly hand-rolled metrics. See [Custom data metric functions](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-custom-dmfs).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Cover a Whole Schema in One Statement\n\nVolume and freshness apply to any table, so you can attach them at the schema level. Snowflake creates an association for every supported table-like object in the schema, including ones added later. Three metrics work this way: ROW_COUNT, FRESHNESS, and TABLE_SIZE_BYTES. TABLE_SIZE_BYTES covers tables only and does not support anomaly detection.\n\n```sql\nALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT ON ()\n    EXCLUDE_TABLE_TYPES = ('VIEW', 'MATERIALIZED_VIEW');\n\nALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC\n    ADD DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.FRESHNESS ON ();\n```\n\nZero-argument FRESHNESS skips views and external tables on its own. A schema's own schedule defaults to every 60 minutes and cannot be trigger-based; a table's schedule overrides it. The references tell schema-level from table-level associations; an association created at the schema level is detached at the schema level:\n\n```sql\nSELECT REF_ENTITY_NAME, METRIC_NAME, LEVEL, EXCLUDE_TABLE_TYPES\nFROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES\nWHERE REF_DATABASE_NAME = 'DQ_EXAMPLES';\n```\n\nACCOUNT_USAGE views lag, so new associations can take a few hours to appear here. One statement across two hundred tables creates two hundred scheduled evaluations, so the schema's schedule deserves thought:\n\n```sql\nALTER SCHEMA PUBLIC SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '1440 MINUTE';\n```\n\nSee [Monitor the data quality of a schema](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-schema-level).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Let Snowflake Propose the Checks\n\nCortex Data Quality reads a table's metadata and usage patterns and suggests checks. It runs inside Snowflake using AI_COMPLETE, so data does not leave the account, and it respects the caller's access control. This is Snowsight-only.\n\nThe role using it needs:\n\n- **EXECUTE DATA METRIC FUNCTION** on the account, and the **SNOWFLAKE.DATA_METRIC_USER** database role.\n- **The SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER database role**, granted to PUBLIC by default.\n- **Access to the mistral-7b and llama3.1-8b models.** Model access is governed by model role-based access control. By default, the CORTEX-MODEL-ROLE-ALL application role is granted to SNOWFLAKE.PUBLIC, so every role can use every model and suggestions work out of the box. If an administrator has restricted model access, the role needs the application roles for those two models. The data quality setup page still describes this requirement in terms of the CORTEX_MODELS_ALLOWLIST parameter, which is being deprecated in favor of model access control. See [Model access control](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-cortex/aisql-privileges-and-access).\n\nTo see which model roles PUBLIC holds:\n\n```sql\nSHOW GRANTS TO APPLICATION ROLE SNOWFLAKE.PUBLIC;\n```\n\nSuggestions start from the table's **Data quality** tab: choose **Generate with Cortex Data Quality**, which is a button on a table with no checks yet and an option under **Add quality check** once it has some.\n\n![The Add quality check menu, offering Generate with Cortex Data Quality and Setup manually](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/add_check_menu.png?v=6989d1d4) Expected values can be edited before accepting; an accepted suggestion is a real, billed, scheduled check. Generating suggestions is billed separately, as AI Services, plus the warehouse that runs Snowsight.\n\n![Cortex suggested data quality checks for SENSOR_READINGS, each with an expected result and a reason](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/suggested_checks.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\nSuggestions are a first draft: the model sees metadata and usage, not your business rules, so review each one before accepting it.\n\nAccess is controlled through CORTEX_USER, which is not specific to data quality: revoking it from PUBLIC removes **every** Snowflake Cortex feature from users who received it through PUBLIC. To restrict suggestions, an administrator revokes it and then grants it back to the roles that should keep Cortex:\n\n```sql\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\n\nREVOKE DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER FROM ROLE PUBLIC;\n\nCREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\nGRANT DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER TO ROLE CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Let Snowflake Learn Normal\n\nThe right row count for a Tuesday is not the right row count for a bank holiday. Anomaly detection learns the pattern from history and flags departures from it. It is available on ROW_COUNT and FRESHNESS. It can be switched on when a metric is added, by including ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE in the ADD statement, or on an existing association. Here it goes on the ROW_COUNT association from *Volume, Drift and Distribution*:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ROW_COUNT ON ()\n    SET ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE;\n```\n\nBefore it flags anything, the algorithm needs a **training period**: at least two weeks of measurements for a metric that runs frequently, or at least two data points for one that runs infrequently or on a trigger. Until then, the references report TRAINING_IN_PROGRESS:\n\n```sql\nSELECT METRIC_NAME, ANOMALY_DETECTION_STATUS\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATA_METRIC_FUNCTION_REFERENCES(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME   =\u003E 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    REF_ENTITY_DOMAIN =\u003E 'table'))\nWHERE METRIC_NAME = 'ROW_COUNT';\n```\n\nDetection runs on the measurements the association's schedule produces, so the schedule decides how quickly history accumulates. SENSITIVITY ('LOW', 'MEDIUM' or 'HIGH', default MEDIUM) trades false positives against missed anomalies, and is set with MODIFY in the same way. Anomaly detection is also available at the schema level, by adding ANOMALY_DETECTION = TRUE to the schema-level ADD. Expectations suit rules true by definition; anomaly detection suits quantities with a normal range you could not write down. See [Detecting anomalies in data quality](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-anomaly).\n\n![The ROW_COUNT check under Volume, establishing its baseline during the training period](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/anomaly_baseline.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Find the Bad Rows\n\nSYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN returns the records that fail an attached check, ready to quarantine or send back to the source team. This one uses the referential-integrity check from *Integrity and Uniqueness*:\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME =\u003E 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    METRIC_NAME     =\u003E 'SNOWFLAKE.CORE.REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_COUNT',\n    ARGUMENT_NAME   =\u003E 'DEVICE_ID'));\n```\n\nIt returns one row, reading 1017, with all nine columns; the four that matter here:\n\n| READING_ID | DEVICE_ID | TEMPERATURE_C | STATUS_CODE |\n|-----------:|:----------|--------------:|:------------|\n| 1017 | DEV-9999 | 5.20 | OK |\n\nFor ACCEPTED_VALUES, the same Boolean expression goes in ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION:\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN(\n    REF_ENTITY_NAME      =\u003E 'DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS',\n    METRIC_NAME          =\u003E 'SNOWFLAKE.CORE.ACCEPTED_VALUES',\n    ARGUMENT_NAME        =\u003E 'STATUS_CODE',\n    ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION  =\u003E 'STATUS_CODE IN (''OK'', ''WARN'')'));\n```\n\nThat returns reading 1018. AT_TIMESTAMP scans the table as of a point in time, and WITHIN_GROUP_VALUES narrows a grouped association to one group.\n\nMeasurements live in SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_RESULTS (shown in *Volume, Drift and Distribution*); there is no ACCOUNT_USAGE version. For \"what is failing\", read verdicts directly rather than joining measurements to expectation definitions:\n\n```sql\nSELECT MEASUREMENT_TIME, METRIC_NAME, EXPECTATION_NAME, VALUE, EXPECTATION_VIOLATED\nFROM SNOWFLAKE.LOCAL.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_EXPECTATION_STATUS\nWHERE TABLE_DATABASE = 'DQ_EXAMPLES'\n  AND TABLE_SCHEMA   = 'PUBLIC'\n  AND TABLE_NAME     = 'SENSOR_READINGS'\nORDER BY MEASUREMENT_TIME DESC;\n```\n\nThis returns rows only once an evaluation has been recorded, by the schedule or by the persisting evaluation shown in *Anatomy of a Check*.\n\nIn Snowsight, the table's **Data quality** tab shows the same, and the account-wide monitoring dashboard (preview) rolls it up across databases. **Impacted Assets** on the table's page shows what reads from it.\n\nOn a check's side panel, **View failed records** opens a new SQL file in your workspace containing the SYSTEM$DATA_METRIC_SCAN query for that check, ready to run or adapt.\n\n![The account-wide data quality monitoring dashboard, listing failed expectations on SENSOR_READINGS](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/dq_dashboard.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\nSee [Remediation of data quality issues](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-fixing) and [Using the data quality monitoring dashboard](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-centralized-dashboard).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Get Told, Don't Watch\n\nA notification needs a destination: email, or a webhook for Slack and similar:\n\n```sql\nCREATE NOTIFICATION INTEGRATION DQ_EMAIL_INT\n    TYPE = EMAIL\n    ENABLED = TRUE\n    ALLOWED_RECIPIENTS = ('you@example.com');\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SECRET SLACK_WEBHOOK_SECRET\n    TYPE = GENERIC_STRING\n    SECRET_STRING = 'T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX';\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE NOTIFICATION INTEGRATION DQ_SLACK_INT\n    TYPE = WEBHOOK\n    ENABLED = TRUE\n    WEBHOOK_URL = 'https://hooks.slack.com/services/SNOWFLAKE_WEBHOOK_SECRET'\n    WEBHOOK_SECRET = DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SLACK_WEBHOOK_SECRET\n    WEBHOOK_BODY_TEMPLATE = '{\"text\": \"SNOWFLAKE_WEBHOOK_MESSAGE\"}'\n    WEBHOOK_HEADERS = ('Content-Type' = 'application/json');\n```\n\nThe email recipients must be verified users in your account. Notifications are then switched on for the database, as YAML in a dollar-quoted string:\n\n```sql\nALTER DATABASE DQ_EXAMPLES SET DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_SETTINGS =\n$$\nnotification:\n  enabled: TRUE\n  email_recipients: [ 'you@example.com' ]\n  integrations:\n    - DQ_SLACK_INT\n  cooldown_hours: 24\n  metadata_included: TRUE\n$$;\n```\n\nEach violated expectation then arrives as its own entry in a notification email:\n\n![A data quality notification email listing violated expectations on SENSOR_READINGS](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/notification_email.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\nWithout cooldown_hours, an hourly check against a week-long violation sends 168 identical messages. metadata_included adds the table, metric and measured value. Settings apply **per database**, and a single association can opt out. Here it is the AVG association from *Volume, Drift and Distribution*:\n\n```sql\nALTER TABLE SENSOR_READINGS\n    MODIFY DATA METRIC FUNCTION SNOWFLAKE.CORE.AVG ON (TEMPERATURE_C)\n    SET DATA_QUALITY_NOTIFICATION = FALSE;\n```\n\n### An alert from a template\n\nNative notifications are settings on a database, not an object: there is nothing to schedule, scope to one table, pause or audit on its own. When you want those, create a Snowflake **alert** from the DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS template. The template supplies the condition, which reads expectation status, and the notification; you choose the scope, the schedule and the destination. Its variables, defaults and allowed values are listed here:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SYSTEM$GET_ALERT_TEMPLATE('DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS');\n```\n\nThis alert watches every expectation on SENSOR_READINGS and emails through the integration created above:\n\n```sql\nCREATE OR ALTER ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT\n    FROM TEMPLATE DQ_EXPECTATION_VIOLATIONS\n    WAREHOUSE = DQ_EXAMPLES_WH\n    SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE'\n    COMMENT = 'Emails when any expectation on SENSOR_READINGS is violated'\n    TEMPLATE_PARAMS = '{\n      \"template_variables\": {\n        \"SCOPE_ACTIVE\": \"TABLE\",\n        \"SCOPE_DATABASE\": \"DQ_EXAMPLES\",\n        \"SCOPE_SCHEMA\": \"PUBLIC\",\n        \"SCOPE_TABLE\": \"SENSOR_READINGS\",\n        \"NOTIFICATION_MODE\": \"EMAIL\",\n        \"EMAIL_NOTIFICATION_INTEGRATION\": \"DQ_EMAIL_INT\"\n      },\n      \"notification_config\": {\n        \"notification_integration\": \"DQ_EMAIL_INT\",\n        \"email_config\": { \"toAddress\": [\"you@example.com\"] }\n      }\n    }';\n```\n\nFor email, the integration goes in two places: EMAIL_NOTIFICATION_INTEGRATION, which the alert's action reads, and notification_config, which carries the recipients. EXPECTATION_NAMES narrows the alert to a comma-separated list, and NOTIFICATION_MODE also accepts WEBHOOK and IN_APP. The alert is created suspended. To test it without waiting, first record a verdict, so the expectation status has something recent:\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM TABLE(SYSTEM$EVALUATE_DATA_QUALITY_EXPECTATIONS_PERSIST_RESULT('DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS'));\n```\n\nThe verdict takes a few seconds to reach the status. Then run the alert once:\n\n```sql\nEXECUTE ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT;\n```\n\nA minute later, check the run and the email:\n\n```sql\nSELECT SCHEDULED_TIME, STATE, SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ALERT_HISTORY(\n    SCHEDULED_TIME_RANGE_START =\u003E DATEADD('HOUR', -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())))\nWHERE NAME = 'READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT'\nORDER BY SCHEDULED_TIME DESC;\n\nSELECT CREATED, STATUS, ERROR_MESSAGE\nFROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.NOTIFICATION_HISTORY(\n    START_TIME =\u003E DATEADD('HOUR', -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()),\n    INTEGRATION_NAME =\u003E 'DQ_EMAIL_INT'))\nORDER BY CREATED DESC;\n```\n\nThe alert should read TRIGGERED, because several expectations on SENSOR_READINGS are violated, and the email SUCCESS. The template's condition fires on any violation measured since its last successful run (on the first run, the past hour), whether recorded by the schedule or by the call above. ALTER ALERT READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT RESUME starts the hourly schedule.\n\n![The email sent by READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT, listing violated expectations on SENSOR_READINGS](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/guides/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring/alert_email.png?v=6989d1d4)\n\nThe alert's owner role needs EXECUTE ALERT on the account, USAGE on the warehouse (or EXECUTE MANAGED ALERT for a serverless alert, which omits WAREHOUSE), USAGE on the email integration, and the SNOWFLAKE.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_VIEWER application role to read expectation status. Snowflake publishes templates for anomaly detection (DQ_ANOMALY_DETECTION) and for other products; SYSTEM$LIST_ALERT_TEMPLATES lists them.\n\nSee [Sending notifications for data quality issues](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-notifications) and [Creating an alert from a template with SQL](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/alerts#label-alerts-create-from-template).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Operating Checks in Production\n\n### Where to put your checks\n\nThe best place to check is where the defect exists, not where it hurts. Reading 1017 would be dropped by a silver-layer inner join, so a gold check passes *because* the bad row was discarded.\n\n| Layer | Check for | Why here |\n|:------|:----------|:---------|\n| Bronze (raw) | Nulls, formats, duplicates, orphans, clock skew, volume, freshness | The only place the defect still exists |\n| Silver (conformed) | Referential integrity, grain uniqueness, row counts against bronze | Where joins and dedup happen, so where rows go missing |\n| Gold (serving) | Business invariants and totals | Catches logic errors row-level checks cannot see |\n\n### Checks as code\n\nFor anything you intend to keep, checks can live in the same version-controlled definition as the table. Snowflake's declarative deployment model (DCM Projects) supports data metric functions and expectations as first-class definitions. Attaching a metric to a table you do not own needs an explicit executing role, and the deployment tooling can run every expectation as a **test step**, so a deployment fails when the data does not satisfy its own rules. A threshold change then shows up as a reviewable diff. For a worked example, with expectations declared with ATTACH DATA METRIC FUNCTION and run with TEST ALL as part of deployment, see [Build Data Pipelines with Snowflake DCM Projects](https://www.snowflake.com/en/developers/guides/build-data-pipelines-with-snowflake-dcm-projects/). For the syntax, see the [DCM Projects file reference](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/dcm-projects/dcm-projects-files).\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## What It Costs\n\nScheduled evaluations run on serverless compute and bill under the **Data Quality Monitoring** category. Cost scales with associations × evaluation frequency × work per evaluation; a schema-level attachment across two hundred tables on an hourly schedule is 4,800 evaluations a day. Collecting the results into the event table bills separately, as **Logging**. Creating a metric and suspended schedules are not billed, and a direct call in a SELECT bills only the warehouse that runs it. Spend is visible here:\n\n```sql\nSELECT * FROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING_USAGE_HISTORY\nORDER BY START_TIME DESC;\n```\n\nAcross an organization, METERING_DAILY_HISTORY carries the same spend with SERVICE_TYPE = 'DATA_QUALITY_MONITORING'. Costs stay low when cadence matches how fast you would act, TRIGGER_ON_CHANGES is used where evaluating on data arrival fits, and schedules are suspended with an empty string rather than UNSET. Alerts, like the template alert, bill their own warehouse each time they run.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Clean Up\n\nIf you tried the examples, dropping the database removes its tables, their associations, custom metrics, the secret, the alert, and the database's monitoring settings. The warehouse and the notification integrations live at account level and outlive the database:\n\n```sql\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES;\nDROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS DQ_EXAMPLES_WH;\nDROP INTEGRATION IF EXISTS DQ_EMAIL_INT;\nDROP INTEGRATION IF EXISTS DQ_SLACK_INT;\n```\n\nTo keep the objects but stop the billing, suspend everything that runs on a schedule: the alert and the table and schema schedules.\n\n```sql\nALTER ALERT DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.READINGS_EXPECTATION_ALERT SUSPEND;\nALTER TABLE DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\nALTER TABLE DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC.SENSOR_READINGS_V2 SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\nALTER SCHEMA DQ_EXAMPLES.PUBLIC SET DATA_METRIC_SCHEDULE = '';\n```\n\nIf you revoked CORTEX_USER from PUBLIC in *Let Snowflake Propose the Checks* and want the default back:\n\n```sql\nUSE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;\nGRANT DATABASE ROLE SNOWFLAKE.CORTEX_USER TO ROLE PUBLIC;\nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS CORTEX_ACCESS_ROLE;\n```\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Conclusion and Resources\n\nData quality monitoring in Snowflake is a small vocabulary applied with judgment. A metric measures, an expectation judges, a schedule decides how often, and everything else is choosing well.\n\n### What to take away\n\n- **Pick the metric from the column's shape.** The decision table in *Choosing a Check* is the whole method.\n- **Know which metrics can be called directly.** Column-argument metrics answer instantly in a SELECT; zero-argument ones must be attached.\n- **One association per metric and column.** Change a check with MODIFY; adding it again is not an update.\n- **One check is rarely enough.** Freshness alone was defeated by a single future-dated row.\n- **Check where the defect exists**, not where it hurts. Gold passing is not evidence.\n- **Scope with FILTER, don't loosen thresholds.**\n- **Assert rules; learn ranges.** Expectations for what is true by definition, anomaly detection for normal ranges.\n- **Notify with a cooldown**, or people will filter the alerts.\n- **Use a template when you need an alert object.** It brings its own scope, schedule and history, without writing the condition yourself.\n- **Keep checks in code**, so a threshold change is reviewable.\n\n### Resources\n\n- [Introduction to data quality checks](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-intro)\n- [System data metric functions](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-system-dmfs)\n- [Custom data metric functions](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-custom-dmfs)\n- [Use SQL to set up data quality checks](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-working)\n- [Use SQL to work with expectations](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-expectations)\n- [Apply data quality checks to a subset of rows](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-filter)\n- [Apply data quality checks by group](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-group-by)\n- [Monitor the data quality of a schema](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-schema-level)\n- [Detecting anomalies in data quality](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-anomaly)\n- [Sending notifications for data quality issues](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-notifications)\n- [Remediation of data quality issues](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-fixing)\n- [Use Snowsight to set up data quality checks](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-ui-setup)\n- [Using the data quality monitoring dashboard](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-centralized-dashboard)\n- [Access control for data quality](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/data-quality-access-control)\n","multiValue":false,":type":"text/x-markdown"},"quickstartArticleLogoImage":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Logo Image","multiValue":false,":type":"text/plain"}},"model":"snowflake-site/models/quickstart-article"},"flexible_column_cont":{"id":"flexible-column-container-dfbe08c293","type":"2-column-75-25","alignColumns":"top","containerMaxWidth":"extra-large","topPadding":"none","bottomPadding":"none","spaceBetween":"none","reverseOnMobile":false,"carouselOnMobile":false,"backgroundImageOption":"none","flexible_column_content_container_1":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-1b0da45a01",":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container/flexible-column-content-container",":items":{"quickstart_last_modi":{"id":"quickstart-last-modified-62bd129b56","icon":{"id":"icon","icon":"calendar",":type":"snowflake-site/components/icon","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-icon-blue"},"lastModifiedDatePrefix":"Updated","lastModifiedDate":"2026-11-12",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-last-modified","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-small"},"text":{"id":"text-a73559211f","additionalClasses":"qs-disclaimer-text","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #666;\"\u003EThis content is provided as is, and is not maintained on an ongoing basis. It may be out of date with current Snowflake instances\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\r\n","richText":true,":type":"snowflake-site/components/text","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-small"}},":itemsOrder":["quickstart_last_modi","text"]},"flexible_column_content_container_2":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-a20de095da",":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container/flexible-column-content-container",":items":{},":itemsOrder":[]},"isBlogPage":false,"isActiveTOC":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container"}},":itemsOrder":["contentfragment","flexible_column_cont"]},"flexible_column_content_container_2":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-4616d2b85f",":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container/flexible-column-content-container",":items":{"quickstart_table_of_":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-948a1aad6a","isDeveloperGuidesPage":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-table-of-content/quickstart-table-of-content-container",":items":{"quickstart_table_of_":{"id":"quickstart-table-of-content-a4f7766fb9","fragmentPath":"/content/dam/snowflake-site/en/content-fragments/quickstarts/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-table-of-content","headings":["\u003Ch2\u003EOverview\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EThe Example Data\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EAnatomy of a Check\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EProfile Before You Check\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EChoosing a Check\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003ECompleteness and Validity\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003ETimeliness\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EIntegrity and Uniqueness\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EVolume, Drift and Distribution\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EScoping Checks\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EWrite Your Own Check\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003ECover a Whole Schema in One Statement\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003ELet Snowflake Propose the Checks\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003ELet Snowflake Learn Normal\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EFind the Bad Rows\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EGet Told, Don't Watch\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EOperating Checks in Production\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EWhat It Costs\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EClean Up\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EConclusion and Resources\u003C/h2\u003E"]},"quickstart_button":{"id":"quickstart-button-29afc416a4","fragmentPath":"/content/dam/snowflake-site/en/content-fragments/quickstarts/comprehensive-guide-to-data-quality-monitoring",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-button","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-none"}},":itemsOrder":["quickstart_table_of_","quickstart_button"]}},":itemsOrder":["quickstart_table_of_"]},"isBlogPage":false,"isActiveTOC":false,":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container"},"markup_editor":{"id":"markup-editor-9511d6547a","title":"Page 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aem-Grid--default--12","layout":"RESPONSIVE_GRID","columnCount":12,"id":"container-ef8a9a43b1",":type":"snowflake-site/components/container",":items":{"text":{"id":"text-e34c200931","additionalClasses":"sf-footer__newsletter-title","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESubscribe to our monthly newsletter\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStay up to date on Snowflake’s latest products, expert insights and resources—right in your inbox!\u003C/p\u003E\r\n","richText":true,":type":"snowflake-site/components/text","appliedCssClassNames":"text-size-regular 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