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concepts interact with rights modes\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EPractical recommendations\u003C/h2\u003E","\u003Ch2\u003EReferences / further reading\u003C/h2\u003E"],"fragmentPath":"/content/dam/snowflake-site/en/content-fragments/developers-blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-hero","quickstartHeroTitle":{"lines":["Data-Layer RBAC for Snowflake Applications: Owner's Rights and Restricted Caller's Rights"],"type":"heading2",":type":"snowflake-site/components/title-v2"},"quickstartHeroAuthor":"Vladimir Timofeenko","quickstartHeroFirstSnowflakeFeatureTag":{"tagText":"Compliance, Security, Discovery & 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Developers","url":"https://www.snowflake.com/content/snowflake-site/global/en/developers","currentPage":false}],"isDeveloperGuidesPage":true},"contentfragment":{"id":"contentfragment-8d46e0d0d7","paragraphs":["\u003Cp\u003EMoving from read-only BI dashboards to interactive applications changes the\nrequirements for data governance. Applications can be capable of writeback,\ncan execute user-specified workflows and may be integrated with AI to act on\nbehalf of the user. This presents a common governance dilemma on how to balance\napplication usability against safeguarding the data.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ERole-based access control (RBAC) in application code is something that scales\nvery poorly and complicates reasoning about security. Snowflake RBAC controls\nshould be tied to the data layer so they work regardless of the data consumption\npath and are the single source of truth. On the other hand, some controls can\nonly exist in an application (e.g. "display this edit box only to an admin"),\nbut they should be paired with hard controls on the data layer.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis post provides an overview of how exactly Streamlit in Snowflake (SiS) and\nother applications work for data access and provides some recommendations on\nimplementing RBAC that safeguards the data without being too restrictive.\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EScope of the post\u003C/h2\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003ETarget audience is RBAC admins. This post covers the details of owner's and\n\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights\"\u003Erestricted caller's rights\u003C/a\u003E, and an architectural pattern for\nadopting either alongside a pre-existing RBAC approach.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ETwo companion posts cover aspects that are skipped here.\n\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48\"\u003EImplementing true data\nlayer governance on Snowflake\u003C/a\u003E covers caller grants, their inherited form,\nand the application side for Streamlit and App Runtime; if caller grants are\nnew to you, read that one first. \u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/ai-ready-rbac-57219d444aeb\"\u003EAI-ready RBAC\u003C/a\u003E covers the\nRBAC model that is adopted on Snowflake's central account end to end,\nincluding entitlement tables and policy testing.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThere is no prescription for a specific role design. The post describes\nboundaries that exist regardless of the shape your RBAC takes, so it should\napply equally to accounts organized around broad read-only roles,\nbusiness-unit roles, per-object grants or database roles.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe post focuses on the data-layer RBAC, not the application code. The\npoints are applicable to Streamlit in Snowflake, Snowflake App Runtime and\ncustom Snowpark Container Services (SPCS) services.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ELegacy warehouse runtime and the \u003Ccode\u003EREAD SESSION\u003C/code\u003E grant are not covered, only the\n\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/streamlit/app-development/runtime-environments\"\u003Econtainer\nruntime\u003C/a\u003E is covered as it's the only one that supports restricted caller's\nrights.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003ETL;DR\u003C/h2\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EOwner's rights applications run queries as an ephemeral service user with a\nsingle role. Row-level security relying on \u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_USER()\u003C/code\u003E will evaluate to\nthe service user.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERestricted caller's rights (RCR) applications run queries as visiting users,\nbounded by the visitor's privileges and the app owner's \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER\u003C/code\u003E grants.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERCR requires visiting users to have \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on an active warehouse; the app\nowner role needs \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on it.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUse mixed mode (RCR for reads, owner's rights for writes) for writeback\napplications.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EOwner's rights and restricted caller's rights\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/or-rcr.png?v=46ed063c\" alt=\"Owner's rights vs RCR\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOwner's rights mirrors the classic service principal pattern of application\nauthentication: a single identity is used to access the data on behalf of the\nusers. Data entry applications are the typical example: the user does not need\ndirect access to the underlying data. Users are only supposed to interact with\nthe data or maybe a subset of it through the application, but never directly\nwith the underlying tables.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights\"\u003ERestricted caller's rights\u003C/a\u003E are (effectively) caller's rights with a ceiling:\nqueries run as the visiting user, but only with those of the visitor's\nprivileges an administrator has explicitly granted to the application. They are\nclose to the architecture of a central Jupyter notebook service. When users access the\nservice, they can interact with different objects, depending on their privileges\nin the system.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThus, a rough mental model is:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EOwner's rights effectively discards the visitor's identity, allowing the\nvisitor to operate with the owner's privileges\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ERestricted caller's rights pass the visitor's identity to the data layer,\nallowing policy controls such as row-level security to work. Grants to the\napplication owner role clamp the effective privileges.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESiS on container runtime supports two rights modes: owner's rights and\nrestricted caller's rights. SiS applications can opt into using\neither or \u003Cstrong\u003Eboth\u003C/strong\u003E modes when creating a \u003Ccode\u003Esession\u003C/code\u003E, through which all SQL statements\nare executed. The rights mode choice determines what data and which data containers a\nuser can see when they interact with those objects through the application;\nthat choice is made by the application developer.\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EObject access in Snowflake\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBefore talking about how the rights modes work in practice, let's take a look at\nhow object access in Snowflake works in general.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAn actor's (identity) interaction with an object (a table, a view, a row in a\ntable) has two halves: what the actor can learn about it, and what the actor can\nchange.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat an actor can learn\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe objects live inside a container, typically inside a SCHEMA nested in a\nDATABASE. From coarsest to finest, the actor can learn the following things\nabout the object:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThat the container object exists\u003C/strong\u003E: without \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the database and schema,\nthe object is unknowable regardless of what is granted on the object itself.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis allows admins to set up a pattern where \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E is mass-granted on\napplications that are deployed inside a SCHEMA that is private to a business\nunit.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThat the object exists\u003C/strong\u003E: the fact that a view named \u003Ccode\u003ESSN_V\u003C/code\u003E is there\nimplies that the corresponding data is stored \u003Cstrong\u003Esomewhere\u003C/strong\u003E, which may itself be\nsensitive.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe shape of the object\u003C/strong\u003E: column names and types, via \u003Ccode\u003EDESCRIBE\u003C/code\u003E or\n\u003Ccode\u003EINFORMATION_SCHEMA\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe definition of the object\u003C/strong\u003E: the view body or function source. A \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/views-secure\"\u003Esecure\nview\u003C/a\u003E separates the definition from the shape: the shape stays visible, the body\n(view definition) does not.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAggregates over the rows\u003C/strong\u003E: an \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/aggregation-policies\"\u003Eaggregation policy\u003C/a\u003E lets an actor learn\nstatistics over rows they can never retrieve individually; a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/join-policies\"\u003Ejoin policy\u003C/a\u003E\nconstrains how the object may be combined with others. What the actor gets\ndepends on how the policy body is written.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe rows\u003C/strong\u003E: a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-row-intro\"\u003Erow access policy\u003C/a\u003E decides which rows exist for the actor.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe columns\u003C/strong\u003E: a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/projection-policies\"\u003Eprojection policy\u003C/a\u003E allows a column to be filtered and joined\non without ever being returned in a result set.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe values\u003C/strong\u003E: a \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-column-intro\"\u003Emasking policy\u003C/a\u003E returns the row and the column, but completely\nor partially redacts the cell.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhile the above is not a strict sequence, container-level access needs to hold\nfor containing objects to be available. For example, \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the containers has\nto hold before anything inside them can be reached, and a row has to be visible\nbefore a masking policy on one of its columns matters. Boundaries at the same\nlevel are independent: a projection policy on one column and a masking policy on\nanother do not constrain each other.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EWhat an actor can change\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe data\u003C/strong\u003E – insert, update, delete rows.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe object shape\u003C/strong\u003E – \u003Ccode\u003EALTER\u003C/code\u003E and, separately, transfer of \u003Ccode\u003EOWNERSHIP\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe object's existence\u003C/strong\u003E – \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EDROP\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EUNDROP\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho else has access to the object\u003C/strong\u003E – \u003Ccode\u003EOWNERSHIP\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EWITH GRANT OPTION\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EMANAGE GRANTS\u003C/code\u003E. An\nactor holding any of these can widen every boundary above for other actors.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EInvocation and extraction\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ETwo interaction types fall outside this categorization:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInvocation.\u003C/strong\u003E An actor may execute an object without reading it. A user having\n\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on an executable lets them run the application without granting them\nthe ability to view its source or the tables behind it.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExtraction.\u003C/strong\u003E Reading a value once and copying it somewhere ungoverned are\ndifferent acts. \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE TABLE ... AS\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ECOPY INTO\u003C/code\u003E a stage and resharing all\nmove data past the boundary where the above policies apply. Note that the\n"ungoverned space" also includes the executable code itself.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003ERights modes in practice\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe dataset and a sample application below illustrate how the two modes\nfunction on top of the standard RBAC:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003EANALYTICS_DB :: database\n  SALES_SCH :: schema\n    PIPELINE_TBL :: has a row access policy that establishes "only show row <=> rep_owner = CURRENT_USER()"\n    REVENUE_TBL :: no policy, visible to all viewers\n\nAPPS_DB :: database\n  PUBLIC_SCH :: schema\n    PIPELINE_EXPLORER :: the STREAMLIT object\n\nRoles\n  PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL :: service role owning PIPELINE_EXPLORER object\n  SALES_REP_RL :: the role of Alice, a sales rep\n\nAPP_WH :: warehouse that runs queries from the application\nADHOC_WH :: warehouse used by Alice\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe code for \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_EXPLORER\u003C/code\u003E is:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cpre\u003E\u003Ccode class=\"language-python\"\u003E"""Illustrate SQL results for calling same statements against owner and caller session."""\nimport streamlit as st\n\n# Create two sessions, one for owner and another for the caller\nowner_session = st.connection("snowflake").session()\ncaller_session = st.connection("snowflake-callers-rights").session()\n\n# Produce permutations of owner and caller sessions, run SQL statements against those permutations\nfor s1, s2, mode_name in (\n        (owner_session, owner_session, "Owner's rights"),\n        (caller_session, caller_session, "Restricted caller's rights"),\n        (caller_session, owner_session, "Mixed"),\n):\n    st.write(mode_name)\n    st.dataframe(s1.sql("SELECT * FROM ANALYTICS_DB.SALES_SCH.PIPELINE_TBL"))  # ①\n    st.dataframe(s2.sql("SELECT * FROM ANALYTICS_DB.SALES_SCH.REVENUE_TBL"))  # ②\n\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/pre\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen the \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_EXPLORER\u003C/code\u003E application is created, it becomes owned by the\n\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E role. This role is determined by the primary role of the\nuser that executed \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE STREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E statement; secondary roles and other\nattributes of that user are discarded.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen the application runs, Snowflake generates an internal service user with\n\u003Ccode\u003ESNOWFLAKE_SERVICE\u003C/code\u003E type and the name similar to \u003Ccode\u003ESTPLATSTREAMLIT...\u003C/code\u003E. This user\ngets only the \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E role.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThis example uses a very flat role hierarchy. In real-world scenarios, you don't\nneed to grant privileges directly to the roles, you can grant a privilege to a\nrole and then grant that role to the role that is ultimately granted to an\nactor. Using\n\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-access-control-considerations#label-access-control-considerations-database-roles\"\u003EDatabase\nRoles\u003C/a\u003E minimizes the privilege sprawl.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EOwner's Rights Mode\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/or.png?v=46ed063c\" alt=\"Owner's rights\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth code lines ① and ② run on top of \u003Ccode\u003Eowner_session\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMinimal required privileges:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor data access:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESELECT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EREVENUE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the \u003Ccode\u003EAPP_WH\u003C/code\u003E warehouse\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf a data grant is missing, ① or ② fails with\n\u003Ccode\u003EDatabase 'ANALYTICS_DB' does not exist or not authorized\u003C/code\u003E, naming whichever\nlevel the role cannot reach.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor app creation:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECREATE STREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESALES_REP_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_EXPLORER\u003C/code\u003E \u003Ccode\u003ESTREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E object\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESALES_REP_RL\u003C/code\u003E needs no grants on \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E or the objects inside it.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen Alice accesses the application, she would not be able to see any results in\n① since \u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_USER()\u003C/code\u003E evaluates to the ephemeral user with\n\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E role. ② would show results since there is no check on\nthe data. In this mode, Alice does not need \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the \u003Ccode\u003EAPP_WH\u003C/code\u003E warehouse.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003ERestricted Caller's Rights mode\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/rcr.png?v=46ed063c\" alt=\"Restricted caller's rights\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EBoth code lines ① and ② run on \u003Ccode\u003Ecaller_session\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMinimal required privileges:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor data access:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_SCH\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER SELECT\u003C/code\u003E on\n\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E and \u003Ccode\u003EREVENUE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the warehouse. No standard\ngrants on the data are required.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor app creation:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECREATE STREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESALES_REP_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESELECT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EREVENUE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the warehouse\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_EXPLORER\u003C/code\u003E \u003Ccode\u003ESTREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E object\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ENote that a caller grant is not a privilege in and of itself: it authorizes the\napplication to run with a privilege the visitor already holds, so both CALLER\nGRANTs to the owner role and standard GRANTs to the visitor are required.\n\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48\"\u003EThe data layer\ngovernance post\u003C/a\u003E in the references covers caller grants and their inherited\nform in depth.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ESince the application code does not have an explicit \u003Ccode\u003EUSE WAREHOUSE\u003C/code\u003E statement,\nthe application will try to use Alice's default warehouse. The \u003Ccode\u003EADHOC_WH\u003C/code\u003E\nwarehouse thus needs both grants:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003Ethe owner role needs \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on it, or the account-level\n\u003Ccode\u003ECALLER COMPUTE USAGE\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003Ethe \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_REP_RL\u003C/code\u003E role needs ordinary \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on it\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIf these privileges are missing, the queries will error out with "No warehouse\nin session".\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EUnlike the previous example, ① returns the visitor's rows, since \u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_USER()\u003C/code\u003E\nevaluates to the visitor. ② now requires the visitor's role to hold access to the\nunderlying data.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EMixed Mode\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/mixed.png?v=46ed063c\" alt=\"Mixed mode\"\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this example line ① runs on \u003Ccode\u003Ecaller_session\u003C/code\u003E, ② on \u003Ccode\u003Eowner_session\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EMinimal required privileges:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor data access:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E and \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESELECT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EREVENUE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E, which ② reads with owner's rights\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECALLER SELECT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E, which ① reads with the visitor's identity\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E and \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the warehouse, since ② runs as the owner and ①\nas the visitor\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EFor app creation:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECREATE STREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESALES_REP_RL\u003C/code\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EAPPS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EPUBLIC_SCH\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EANALYTICS_DB\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003ESALES_SCH\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003EADHOC_WH\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESELECT\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_TBL\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on \u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_EXPLORER\u003C/code\u003E \u003Ccode\u003ESTREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E object\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn this example, ① will return results matching Alice's identity since\n\u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_USER()\u003C/code\u003E evaluates to the visitor. ② uses owner's rights, so the\n\u003Ccode\u003EPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E needs to have proper privileges.\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EHow RBAC concepts interact with rights modes\u003C/h2\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ELet's consider the key invariants that the admin wants to uphold:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EPolicy enforcement follows the human.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen the data layer is aware of the human identity, it does not matter which\ntool is used to access the data. RCR is naturally architected to support\nthis, while owner's rights disables user-level policies.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there are cases where the humans should not be able to access\nindividual rows, but can see aggregated/pre-calculated data. This can be\nachieved with aggregation/projection policies combined with row-level\nsecurity.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EAudit trails\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003ECompliance frameworks dictate that accesses of sensitive columns/rows must be\ntraceable to the human operator.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EOwner's rights breaks this, requiring application-side logging. Queries\nemitted by owner's rights sessions show up as "redacted" in the query\nhistory, so admins must rely on \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/access-history\"\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EACCESS_HISTORY\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to examine which objects are\nbeing accessed.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe application must not be able to query objects outside of its domain\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn standard (unrestricted) caller's rights, the executable can run with the full\nrights of the caller. This may be fine (and even required for \u003Ccode\u003Esudo\u003C/code\u003E-type)\nstored procedures as they have a well-defined runtime behavior. Interactive\napplications have more surface and are thus more prone to malicious inputs.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Cstrong\u003ERestricted\u003C/strong\u003E part of RCR helps with enforcing this. It's important to note\nthat Snowflake has no notion of negative grants; to express denial of a\ncertain action, the admin should not grant the corresponding privilege.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EElevation of privileges must be controlled\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, such as writeback applications, users might need to write\nrecords into tables without having direct access to them. RCR fundamentally\ncannot be this gate as it requires direct write access to the underlying\nobject. This invariant is the main use case for the mixed mode defined\nearlier.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EChanging session context\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe release of \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights/high-level-caller-privileges\"\u003Ehigh-level caller privileges\u003C/a\u003E also allowed\napplication code to call \u003Ccode\u003EUSE ROLE\u003C/code\u003E / \u003Ccode\u003EUSE SECONDARY ROLE\u003C/code\u003E statements, switch\ndatabase/schema contexts. This means that if an access policy relies on\n\u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_ROLE\u003C/code\u003E, it may stop holding true in the middle of the application.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EDue to the nature of the ephemeral owner user discussed above, for an owner's\nrights application to successfully run \u003Ccode\u003EUSE ROLE SOME_RL\u003C/code\u003E, that \u003Ccode\u003ESOME_RL\u003C/code\u003E must be\ngranted to the role owning the application (\u003Ccode\u003EGRANT ROLE SOME_RL TO ROLE PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL\u003C/code\u003E).\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA common approach is to use \u003Ccode\u003EIS_ROLE_IN_SESSION\u003C/code\u003E when writing data access\npolicies, as this function is more resilient to role changes. Data access\npolicies may also rely on immutable session variables, similar to the approach\noutlined in \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-cortex/cortex-agents-multi-tenancy\"\u003EMulti-tenancy for Cortex Agents\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Ch3\u003EConfused deputy problem\u003C/h3\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EWhen the data enters the application memory, it becomes controlled by the code\nlogic and data-side RBAC no longer applies. To illustrate:\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EA developer wants to exfiltrate credit card numbers stored in a table in\nplaintext (let's pretend PCI DSS does not exist). Data is behind a row-level\nsecurity policy, allowing only \u003Ccode\u003EBILLING_ADMIN\u003C/code\u003E to see the full numbers.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThat developer creates an application that runs \u003Ccode\u003ESELECT\u003C/code\u003E against that table on\nbehalf of the visitor, keeps data in RAM and shows the data if and only if the\ndeveloper accesses the application. By tricking a user with \u003Ccode\u003EBILLING_ADMIN\u003C/code\u003E role\ninto opening the application, the malicious developer is able to exfiltrate the\ndata.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ECALLER SELECT\u003C/code\u003E should be granted to roles producing applications with a degree\nof source code trust, or CI checks should be run to guard against this pattern.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to displaying the data in UI, data can be transported out to an\nexternal stage or API endpoint through an \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/external-network-access/creating-using-external-network-access\"\u003Eexternal access integration (EAI)\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on such pathways should be very tightly controlled and granted to roles\nthat really need that access.\u003C/p\u003E\n","\u003Cp\u003EThe data may also be accidentally exposed if the query results are cached inside\nthe application with a global cache scope, so two visiting users will see each\nother's query results. Specifically for Streamlit, a static code check during\ndeployment should examine calls to \u003Ccode\u003Est.cache_data\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EPractical recommendations\u003C/h2\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUse \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/access-history\"\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EACCESS_HISTORY\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/a\u003E for tracking actual access to sensitive objects.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUse tag-based policies to assign row-level security at scale.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDeploy enterprise-wide applications into a shared schema as described in\n\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/@rob.dominguez_27061/building-streamlit-apps-at-scale-on-snowflake-4f431ce21f37\"\u003EBuilding Streamlit Apps At Scale on Snowflake\u003C/a\u003E.\nBroadly grant \u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on that schema and the applications, but assign \u003Ccode\u003ECREATE STREAMLIT\u003C/code\u003E only to authorized roles.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EBroad inherited caller grants are suitable for centralized deployments as\noutlined in\n\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48\"\u003EImplementing True Data\nLayer Governance\u003C/a\u003E. For citizen developers, make sure they don't create\nconfused deputy risks.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EPut row access and masking policies on any object an application exposes.\nThese controls hold no matter which rights mode the application picks, who\nwrote it, or what the code does next, and they keep working if the app is\nrewritten or its rights mode is changed.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAudit caller grants separately using \u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/show-caller-grants\"\u003E\u003Ccode\u003ESHOW CALLER GRANTS\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/a\u003E. Standard \u003Ccode\u003ESHOW GRANTS\u003C/code\u003E will not\nshow caller grants, so a role that looks narrow can still carry a wide\nauthorization for every application it owns.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWhen using RCR, ensure that visiting users have a default warehouse assigned,\nor establish a convention to \u003Ccode\u003EUSE WAREHOUSE\u003C/code\u003E in the application code. The\napplication owner role must hold \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER USAGE\u003C/code\u003E on the warehouse used by the visitor.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUse \u003Ccode\u003EIS_ROLE_IN_SESSION\u003C/code\u003E instead of \u003Ccode\u003ECURRENT_ROLE\u003C/code\u003E in policies so secondary roles\nactivated inside the application correctly grant access.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EGranting \u003Ccode\u003ECALLER SELECT\u003C/code\u003E to application owner roles requires source code trust.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EUSAGE\u003C/code\u003E on exfiltration paths (\u003Ccode\u003EEXTERNAL ACCESS INTEGRATION\u003C/code\u003E,\n\u003Ccode\u003ESTAGE\u003C/code\u003E) should be granted sparingly.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EGrants don't need to be direct. Privileges can be granted to a role which can,\nin turn, be granted to another role, which the users will use.\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWhile not related to rights modes, consider using \u003Ccode\u003EALLOWED_INTERFACES\u003C/code\u003E\n(\u003Ca href=\"https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-user\"\u003Edoc\u003C/a\u003E) to\nrestrict users to only be able to access specific parts of the platform.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n<!-- ------------------------ -->\n","\u003Ch2\u003EReferences / further reading\u003C/h2\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EHow data governance is done on the internal Snowflake account:\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/ai-ready-rbac-57219d444aeb\"\u003EAI-ready RBAC\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48\"\u003EImplementing true data layer governance on Snowflake\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://medium.com/@rob.dominguez_27061/building-streamlit-apps-at-scale-on-snowflake-4f431ce21f37\"\u003EBuilding Streamlit Apps at Scale on Snowflake\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E"],"description":"","title":"Data-Layer RBAC for Snowflake Applications: Owner's Rights and Restricted Caller's Rights",":type":"snowflake-site/components/contentfragment",":items":{},":itemsOrder":[],"elements":{"quickstartArticleBody":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Body","value":"Moving from read-only BI dashboards to interactive applications changes the\nrequirements for data governance. Applications can be capable of writeback,\ncan execute user-specified workflows and may be integrated with AI to act on\nbehalf of the user. This presents a common governance dilemma on how to balance\napplication usability against safeguarding the data.\n\nRole-based access control (RBAC) in application code is something that scales\nvery poorly and complicates reasoning about security. Snowflake RBAC controls\nshould be tied to the data layer so they work regardless of the data consumption\npath and are the single source of truth. On the other hand, some controls can\nonly exist in an application (e.g. \"display this edit box only to an admin\"),\nbut they should be paired with hard controls on the data layer.\n\nThis post provides an overview of how exactly Streamlit in Snowflake (SiS) and\nother applications work for data access and provides some recommendations on\nimplementing RBAC that safeguards the data without being too restrictive.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Scope of the post\n\n-   Target audience is RBAC admins. This post covers the details of owner's and\n    [restricted caller's rights](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights), and an architectural pattern for\n    adopting either alongside a pre-existing RBAC approach.\n-   Two companion posts cover aspects that are skipped here.\n    [Implementing true data\n    layer governance on Snowflake](https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48) covers caller grants, their inherited form,\n    and the application side for Streamlit and App Runtime; if caller grants are\n    new to you, read that one first. [AI-ready RBAC](https://medium.com/snowflake/ai-ready-rbac-57219d444aeb) covers the\n    RBAC model that is adopted on Snowflake's central account end to end,\n    including entitlement tables and policy testing.\n-   There is no prescription for a specific role design. The post describes\n    boundaries that exist regardless of the shape your RBAC takes, so it should\n    apply equally to accounts organized around broad read-only roles,\n    business-unit roles, per-object grants or database roles.\n-   The post focuses on the data-layer RBAC, not the application code. The\n    points are applicable to Streamlit in Snowflake, Snowflake App Runtime and\n    custom Snowpark Container Services (SPCS) services.\n-   Legacy warehouse runtime and the `READ SESSION` grant are not covered, only the\n    [container\n    runtime](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/streamlit/app-development/runtime-environments) is covered as it's the only one that supports restricted caller's\n    rights.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## TL;DR\n\n-   Owner's rights applications run queries as an ephemeral service user with a\n    single role. Row-level security relying on `CURRENT_USER()` will evaluate to\n    the service user.\n-   Restricted caller's rights (RCR) applications run queries as visiting users,\n    bounded by the visitor's privileges and the app owner's `CALLER` grants.\n-   RCR requires visiting users to have `USAGE` on an active warehouse; the app\n    owner role needs `CALLER USAGE` on it.\n-   Use mixed mode (RCR for reads, owner's rights for writes) for writeback\n    applications.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Owner's rights and restricted caller's rights\n\n![Owner's rights vs RCR](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/or-rcr.png?v=46ed063c)\n\nOwner's rights mirrors the classic service principal pattern of application\nauthentication: a single identity is used to access the data on behalf of the\nusers. Data entry applications are the typical example: the user does not need\ndirect access to the underlying data. Users are only supposed to interact with\nthe data or maybe a subset of it through the application, but never directly\nwith the underlying tables.\n\n[Restricted caller's rights](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights) are (effectively) caller's rights with a ceiling:\nqueries run as the visiting user, but only with those of the visitor's\nprivileges an administrator has explicitly granted to the application. They are\nclose to the architecture of a central Jupyter notebook service. When users access the\nservice, they can interact with different objects, depending on their privileges\nin the system.\n\nThus, a rough mental model is:\n\n-   Owner's rights effectively discards the visitor's identity, allowing the\n    visitor to operate with the owner's privileges\n-   Restricted caller's rights pass the visitor's identity to the data layer,\n    allowing policy controls such as row-level security to work. Grants to the\n    application owner role clamp the effective privileges.\n\nSiS on container runtime supports two rights modes: owner's rights and\nrestricted caller's rights. SiS applications can opt into using\neither or **both** modes when creating a `session`, through which all SQL statements\nare executed. The rights mode choice determines what data and which data containers a\nuser can see when they interact with those objects through the application;\nthat choice is made by the application developer.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Object access in Snowflake\n\nBefore talking about how the rights modes work in practice, let's take a look at\nhow object access in Snowflake works in general.\n\nAn actor's (identity) interaction with an object (a table, a view, a row in a\ntable) has two halves: what the actor can learn about it, and what the actor can\nchange.\n\n### What an actor can learn\n\nThe objects live inside a container, typically inside a SCHEMA nested in a\nDATABASE. From coarsest to finest, the actor can learn the following things\nabout the object:\n\n1.  **That the container object exists**: without `USAGE` on the database and schema,\n    the object is unknowable regardless of what is granted on the object itself.\n    \n    This allows admins to set up a pattern where `USAGE` is mass-granted on\n    applications that are deployed inside a SCHEMA that is private to a business\n    unit.\n\n2.  **That the object exists**: the fact that a view named `SSN_V` is there\n    implies that the corresponding data is stored **somewhere**, which may itself be\n    sensitive.\n\n3.  **The shape of the object**: column names and types, via `DESCRIBE` or\n    `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.\n\n4.  **The definition of the object**: the view body or function source. A [secure\n    view](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/views-secure) separates the definition from the shape: the shape stays visible, the body\n    (view definition) does not.\n\n5.  **Aggregates over the rows**: an [aggregation policy](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/aggregation-policies) lets an actor learn\n    statistics over rows they can never retrieve individually; a [join policy](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/join-policies)\n    constrains how the object may be combined with others. What the actor gets\n    depends on how the policy body is written.\n\n6.  **The rows**: a [row access policy](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-row-intro) decides which rows exist for the actor.\n\n7.  **The columns**: a [projection policy](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/projection-policies) allows a column to be filtered and joined\n    on without ever being returned in a result set.\n\n8.  **The values**: a [masking policy](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-column-intro) returns the row and the column, but completely\n    or partially redacts the cell.\n\nWhile the above is not a strict sequence, container-level access needs to hold\nfor containing objects to be available. For example, `USAGE` on the containers has\nto hold before anything inside them can be reached, and a row has to be visible\nbefore a masking policy on one of its columns matters. Boundaries at the same\nlevel are independent: a projection policy on one column and a masking policy on\nanother do not constrain each other.\n\n### What an actor can change\n\n-   **The data** – insert, update, delete rows.\n-   **The object shape** – `ALTER` and, separately, transfer of `OWNERSHIP`.\n-   **The object's existence** – `CREATE`, `DROP`, `UNDROP`.\n-   **Who else has access to the object** – `OWNERSHIP`, `WITH GRANT OPTION`, `MANAGE GRANTS`. An\n    actor holding any of these can widen every boundary above for other actors.\n\n### Invocation and extraction\n\nTwo interaction types fall outside this categorization:\n\n-   **Invocation.** An actor may execute an object without reading it. A user having\n    `USAGE` on an executable lets them run the application without granting them\n    the ability to view its source or the tables behind it.\n-   **Extraction.** Reading a value once and copying it somewhere ungoverned are\n    different acts. `CREATE TABLE ... AS`, `COPY INTO` a stage and resharing all\n    move data past the boundary where the above policies apply. Note that the\n    \"ungoverned space\" also includes the executable code itself.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Rights modes in practice\n\nThe dataset and a sample application below illustrate how the two modes\nfunction on top of the standard RBAC:\n\n```text\nANALYTICS_DB :: database\n  SALES_SCH :: schema\n    PIPELINE_TBL :: has a row access policy that establishes \"only show row \u003C=\u003E rep_owner = CURRENT_USER()\"\n    REVENUE_TBL :: no policy, visible to all viewers\n\nAPPS_DB :: database\n  PUBLIC_SCH :: schema\n    PIPELINE_EXPLORER :: the STREAMLIT object\n\nRoles\n  PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL :: service role owning PIPELINE_EXPLORER object\n  SALES_REP_RL :: the role of Alice, a sales rep\n\nAPP_WH :: warehouse that runs queries from the application\nADHOC_WH :: warehouse used by Alice\n```\n\nThe code for `PIPELINE_EXPLORER` is:\n\n```python\n\"\"\"Illustrate SQL results for calling same statements against owner and caller session.\"\"\"\nimport streamlit as st\n\n# Create two sessions, one for owner and another for the caller\nowner_session = st.connection(\"snowflake\").session()\ncaller_session = st.connection(\"snowflake-callers-rights\").session()\n\n# Produce permutations of owner and caller sessions, run SQL statements against those permutations\nfor s1, s2, mode_name in (\n        (owner_session, owner_session, \"Owner's rights\"),\n        (caller_session, caller_session, \"Restricted caller's rights\"),\n        (caller_session, owner_session, \"Mixed\"),\n):\n    st.write(mode_name)\n    st.dataframe(s1.sql(\"SELECT * FROM ANALYTICS_DB.SALES_SCH.PIPELINE_TBL\"))  # ①\n    st.dataframe(s2.sql(\"SELECT * FROM ANALYTICS_DB.SALES_SCH.REVENUE_TBL\"))  # ②\n```\n\nWhen the `PIPELINE_EXPLORER` application is created, it becomes owned by the\n`PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL` role. This role is determined by the primary role of the\nuser that executed `CREATE STREAMLIT` statement; secondary roles and other\nattributes of that user are discarded.\n\nWhen the application runs, Snowflake generates an internal service user with\n`SNOWFLAKE_SERVICE` type and the name similar to `STPLATSTREAMLIT...`. This user\ngets only the `PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL` role.\n\nThis example uses a very flat role hierarchy. In real-world scenarios, you don't\nneed to grant privileges directly to the roles, you can grant a privilege to a\nrole and then grant that role to the role that is ultimately granted to an\nactor. Using\n[Database\nRoles](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/security-access-control-considerations#label-access-control-considerations-database-roles) minimizes the privilege sprawl.\n\n### Owner's Rights Mode\n\n![Owner's rights](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/or.png?v=46ed063c)\n\nBoth code lines ① and ② run on top of `owner_session`.\n\nMinimal required privileges:\n\n-   `PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL`:\n    \n    For data access:\n    \n    -   `USAGE` on `ANALYTICS_DB`, `SALES_SCH`\n    -   `SELECT` on `PIPELINE_TBL`, `REVENUE_TBL`\n    -   `USAGE` on the `APP_WH` warehouse\n    \n    If a data grant is missing, ① or ② fails with\n    `Database 'ANALYTICS_DB' does not exist or not authorized`, naming whichever\n    level the role cannot reach.\n    \n    For app creation:\n    \n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`\n    -   `CREATE STREAMLIT` on `PUBLIC_SCH`\n\n-   `SALES_REP_RL`:\n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`\n    -   `USAGE` on `PIPELINE_EXPLORER` `STREAMLIT` object\n\n`SALES_REP_RL` needs no grants on `ANALYTICS_DB` or the objects inside it.\n\nWhen Alice accesses the application, she would not be able to see any results in\n① since `CURRENT_USER()` evaluates to the ephemeral user with\n`PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL` role. ② would show results since there is no check on\nthe data. In this mode, Alice does not need `USAGE` on the `APP_WH` warehouse.\n\n### Restricted Caller's Rights mode\n\n![Restricted caller's rights](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/rcr.png?v=46ed063c)\n\nBoth code lines ① and ② run on `caller_session`.\n\nMinimal required privileges:\n\n-   `PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL`:\n    \n    For data access:\n    \n    -   `CALLER USAGE` on `ANALYTICS_DB`, `SALES_SCH`, `CALLER SELECT` on\n        `PIPELINE_TBL` and `REVENUE_TBL`\n    -   `CALLER USAGE` on the warehouse. No standard\n        grants on the data are required.\n    \n    For app creation:\n    \n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`\n    -   `CREATE STREAMLIT` on `PUBLIC_SCH`\n\n-   `SALES_REP_RL`:\n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`, `ANALYTICS_DB`, `SALES_SCH`\n    -   `SELECT` on `PIPELINE_TBL`, `REVENUE_TBL`\n    -   `USAGE` on the warehouse\n    -   `USAGE` on `PIPELINE_EXPLORER` `STREAMLIT` object\n\nNote that a caller grant is not a privilege in and of itself: it authorizes the\napplication to run with a privilege the visitor already holds, so both CALLER\nGRANTs to the owner role and standard GRANTs to the visitor are required.\n[The data layer\ngovernance post](https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48) in the references covers caller grants and their inherited\nform in depth.\n\nSince the application code does not have an explicit `USE WAREHOUSE` statement,\nthe application will try to use Alice's default warehouse. The `ADHOC_WH`\nwarehouse thus needs both grants:\n\n-   the owner role needs `CALLER USAGE` on it, or the account-level\n    `CALLER COMPUTE USAGE`\n-   the `SALES_REP_RL` role needs ordinary `USAGE` on it\n\nIf these privileges are missing, the queries will error out with \"No warehouse\nin session\".\n\nUnlike the previous example, ① returns the visitor's rows, since `CURRENT_USER()`\nevaluates to the visitor. ② now requires the visitor's role to hold access to the\nunderlying data.\n\n### Mixed Mode\n\n![Mixed mode](https://www.snowflake.com/content/dam/snowflake-site/developers/blog/owners-rights-vs-restricted-callers-rights/mixed.png?v=46ed063c)\n\nIn this example line ① runs on `caller_session`, ② on `owner_session`.\n\nMinimal required privileges:\n\n-   `PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL`:\n    \n    For data access:\n    \n    -   `USAGE` and `CALLER USAGE` on `ANALYTICS_DB`, `SALES_SCH`\n    -   `SELECT` on `REVENUE_TBL`, which ② reads with owner's rights\n    -   `CALLER SELECT` on `PIPELINE_TBL`, which ① reads with the visitor's identity\n    -   `USAGE` and `CALLER USAGE` on the warehouse, since ② runs as the owner and ①\n        as the visitor\n    \n    For app creation:\n    \n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`\n    -   `CREATE STREAMLIT` on `PUBLIC_SCH`\n\n-   `SALES_REP_RL`:\n    -   `USAGE` on `APPS_DB`, `PUBLIC_SCH`, `ANALYTICS_DB`, `SALES_SCH`, `ADHOC_WH`\n    -   `SELECT` on `PIPELINE_TBL`\n    -   `USAGE` on `PIPELINE_EXPLORER` `STREAMLIT` object\n\nIn this example, ① will return results matching Alice's identity since\n`CURRENT_USER()` evaluates to the visitor. ② uses owner's rights, so the\n`PIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL` needs to have proper privileges.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## How RBAC concepts interact with rights modes\n\nLet's consider the key invariants that the admin wants to uphold:\n\n1.  Policy enforcement follows the human.\n    \n    When the data layer is aware of the human identity, it does not matter which\n    tool is used to access the data. RCR is naturally architected to support\n    this, while owner's rights disables user-level policies.\n    \n    However, there are cases where the humans should not be able to access\n    individual rows, but can see aggregated/pre-calculated data. This can be\n    achieved with aggregation/projection policies combined with row-level\n    security.\n\n2.  Audit trails\n    \n    Compliance frameworks dictate that accesses of sensitive columns/rows must be\n    traceable to the human operator.\n    \n    Owner's rights breaks this, requiring application-side logging. Queries\n    emitted by owner's rights sessions show up as \"redacted\" in the query\n    history, so admins must rely on [`ACCESS_HISTORY`](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/access-history) to examine which objects are\n    being accessed.\n\n3.  The application must not be able to query objects outside of its domain\n    \n    In standard (unrestricted) caller's rights, the executable can run with the full\n    rights of the caller. This may be fine (and even required for `sudo`-type)\n    stored procedures as they have a well-defined runtime behavior. Interactive\n    applications have more surface and are thus more prone to malicious inputs.\n    \n    The **Restricted** part of RCR helps with enforcing this. It's important to note\n    that Snowflake has no notion of negative grants; to express denial of a\n    certain action, the admin should not grant the corresponding privilege.\n\n4.  Elevation of privileges must be controlled\n    \n    In some cases, such as writeback applications, users might need to write\n    records into tables without having direct access to them. RCR fundamentally\n    cannot be this gate as it requires direct write access to the underlying\n    object. This invariant is the main use case for the mixed mode defined\n    earlier.\n\n### Changing session context\n\nThe release of [high-level caller privileges](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/restricted-callers-rights/high-level-caller-privileges) also allowed\napplication code to call `USE ROLE` / `USE SECONDARY ROLE` statements, switch\ndatabase/schema contexts. This means that if an access policy relies on\n`CURRENT_ROLE`, it may stop holding true in the middle of the application.\n\nDue to the nature of the ephemeral owner user discussed above, for an owner's\nrights application to successfully run `USE ROLE SOME_RL`, that `SOME_RL` must be\ngranted to the role owning the application (`GRANT ROLE SOME_RL TO ROLE\nPIPELINE_APP_OWNER_RL`).\n\nA common approach is to use `IS_ROLE_IN_SESSION` when writing data access\npolicies, as this function is more resilient to role changes. Data access\npolicies may also rely on immutable session variables, similar to the approach\noutlined in [Multi-tenancy for Cortex Agents](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-cortex/cortex-agents-multi-tenancy).\n\n### Confused deputy problem\n\nWhen the data enters the application memory, it becomes controlled by the code\nlogic and data-side RBAC no longer applies. To illustrate:\n\nA developer wants to exfiltrate credit card numbers stored in a table in\nplaintext (let's pretend PCI DSS does not exist). Data is behind a row-level\nsecurity policy, allowing only `BILLING_ADMIN` to see the full numbers.\n\nThat developer creates an application that runs `SELECT` against that table on\nbehalf of the visitor, keeps data in RAM and shows the data if and only if the\ndeveloper accesses the application. By tricking a user with `BILLING_ADMIN` role\ninto opening the application, the malicious developer is able to exfiltrate the\ndata.\n\n`CALLER SELECT` should be granted to roles producing applications with a degree\nof source code trust, or CI checks should be run to guard against this pattern.\n\nIn addition to displaying the data in UI, data can be transported out to an\nexternal stage or API endpoint through an [external access integration (EAI)](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/developer-guide/external-network-access/creating-using-external-network-access).\n\n`USAGE` on such pathways should be very tightly controlled and granted to roles\nthat really need that access.\n\nThe data may also be accidentally exposed if the query results are cached inside\nthe application with a global cache scope, so two visiting users will see each\nother's query results. Specifically for Streamlit, a static code check during\ndeployment should examine calls to `st.cache_data`.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## Practical recommendations\n\n-   Use [`ACCESS_HISTORY`](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/access-history) for tracking actual access to sensitive objects.\n-   Use tag-based policies to assign row-level security at scale.\n-   Deploy enterprise-wide applications into a shared schema as described in\n    [Building Streamlit Apps At Scale on Snowflake](https://medium.com/@rob.dominguez_27061/building-streamlit-apps-at-scale-on-snowflake-4f431ce21f37).\n    Broadly grant `USAGE` on that schema and the applications, but assign `CREATE\n      STREAMLIT` only to authorized roles.\n-   Broad inherited caller grants are suitable for centralized deployments as\n    outlined in\n    [Implementing True Data\n    Layer Governance](https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48). For citizen developers, make sure they don't create\n    confused deputy risks.\n-   Put row access and masking policies on any object an application exposes.\n    These controls hold no matter which rights mode the application picks, who\n    wrote it, or what the code does next, and they keep working if the app is\n    rewritten or its rights mode is changed.\n-   Audit caller grants separately using [`SHOW CALLER GRANTS`](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/show-caller-grants). Standard `SHOW GRANTS` will not\n    show caller grants, so a role that looks narrow can still carry a wide\n    authorization for every application it owns.\n-   When using RCR, ensure that visiting users have a default warehouse assigned,\n    or establish a convention to `USE WAREHOUSE` in the application code. The\n    application owner role must hold `CALLER USAGE` on the warehouse used by the visitor.\n-   Use `IS_ROLE_IN_SESSION` instead of `CURRENT_ROLE` in policies so secondary roles\n    activated inside the application correctly grant access.\n-   Granting `CALLER SELECT` to application owner roles requires source code trust.\n-   `USAGE` on exfiltration paths (`EXTERNAL ACCESS INTEGRATION`,\n    `STAGE`) should be granted sparingly.\n-   Grants don't need to be direct. Privileges can be granted to a role which can,\n    in turn, be granted to another role, which the users will use.\n-   While not related to rights modes, consider using `ALLOWED_INTERFACES`\n    ([doc](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-user)) to\n    restrict users to only be able to access specific parts of the platform.\n\n\u003C!-- ------------------------ --\u003E\n## References / further reading\n\n-   How data governance is done on the internal Snowflake account:\n    -   [AI-ready RBAC](https://medium.com/snowflake/ai-ready-rbac-57219d444aeb)\n    -   [Implementing true data layer governance on Snowflake](https://medium.com/snowflake/implementing-true-data-layer-governance-on-snowflake-3473b84d3f48)\n-   [Building Streamlit Apps at Scale on Snowflake](https://medium.com/@rob.dominguez_27061/building-streamlit-apps-at-scale-on-snowflake-4f431ce21f37)\n","multiValue":false,":type":"text/x-markdown"},"quickstartArticleLogoImage":{"dataType":"string","title":"Quickstart Article Logo Image","multiValue":false,":type":"text/plain"}},"elementsOrder":["quickstartArticleBody","quickstartArticleLogoImage"],"isDeveloperGuidesPage":true,"model":"snowflake-site/models/quickstart-article"},"flexible_column_cont":{"id":"flexible-column-container-fce438d4b8","type":"2-column-75-25","alignColumns":"top","containerMaxWidth":"extra-large","topPadding":"none","bottomPadding":"none","spaceBetween":"none","reverseOnMobile":false,"carouselOnMobile":false,"backgroundImageOption":"none","flexible_column_content_container_1":{"layout":"SIMPLE","id":"container-017bdae8eb",":type":"snowflake-site/components/flexible-column-container/flexible-column-content-container",":items":{"quickstart_last_modi":{"id":"quickstart-last-modified-c898274b9a","icon":{"id":"icon","icon":"calendar",":type":"snowflake-site/components/icon","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-icon-blue"},"lastModifiedDatePrefix":"Updated","lastModifiedDate":"2026-10-22",":type":"snowflake-site/components/quickstart/quickstart-last-modified","appliedCssClassNames":"snowflake-responsive-component-top-padding-small"},"text":{"id":"text-eb3379bce7","additionalClasses":"qs-disclaimer-text","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #666;\"\u003EThis content is provided as is, and is not maintained on an ongoing basis. 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